Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of capacitation in sperm before fertilization?

Accepted Answer

Sperm membranes become fragile and motility is enhanced, allowing the release of hydrolytic enzymes needed to penetrate the oocyte.

Question 2

During fertilization, which structure must sperm penetrate first to reach the oocyte membrane?

Accepted Answer

Corona radiata

Question 3

What is the primary function of the acrosomal reaction during fertilization?

Accepted Answer

To allow the sperm to release enzymes that digest the zona pellucida, enabling penetration of the oocyte

Question 4

Which event occurs immediately after the sperm nucleus enters the oocyte cytoplasm?

Accepted Answer

The oocyte completes meiosis II, forming the ovum and a second polar body.

Question 5

Which hormone is responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum and preventing menstruation during early pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Question 6

What is the main function of the placenta during pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a nutritive, respiratory, excretory, and endocrine organ for the fetus.

Question 7

Which of the following correctly matches the embryonic germ layer with the structure it forms?

Accepted Answer

Endoderm – forms the epithelial linings of the digestive and respiratory tracts

Question 8

Which vascular shunt in the fetal circulation allows blood to bypass the liver?

Accepted Answer

Ductus venosus

Question 9

A pregnant woman experiences increased blood volume, cardiac output, and frequent urination. What is the physiological reason for these changes?

Accepted Answer

To support the increased metabolic needs of both mother and fetus and to dispose of fetal wastes

Question 10

Which hormone, produced by the placenta, is primarily responsible for preparing the breasts for lactation?

Accepted Answer

Human placental lactogen (hPL)

Question 11

What is the correct sequence of the three stages of labor?

Accepted Answer

Dilation, expulsion, placental

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the amniotic fluid?

Accepted Answer

Protects the embryo by cushioning it and maintaining a constant temperature

Question 13

A newborn is found to have microcephaly, intellectual disability, and abnormal growth. Which teratogen is most likely responsible for these findings?

Accepted Answer

Alcohol

Question 14

Which of the following best explains the positive feedback mechanism that leads to the onset of labor?

Accepted Answer

Increased estrogen and prostaglandin levels stimulate uterine contractions, which stretch the cervix, leading to more oxytocin and prostaglandin release.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct description of the let-down reflex during lactation?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin causes contraction of myoepithelial cells, resulting in milk ejection from the alveoli into the ducts.

Question 16

Which extraembryonic membrane is the structural base for the umbilical cord and later becomes part of the urinary bladder?

Accepted Answer

Allantois

Question 17

A patient is given an antiprostaglandin drug (such as ibuprofen) during pregnancy. What is the most likely effect on labor?

Accepted Answer

It will inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, potentially delaying the onset of labor.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the chorionic villi in the placenta?

Accepted Answer

They form the fetal portion of the placenta and facilitate exchange of nutrients and wastes between maternal and fetal blood.

Question 19

Which of the following changes in maternal posture is commonly observed during pregnancy due to the shift in the center of gravity?

Accepted Answer

Lordosis

Question 20

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between the number of cells after n cleavage divisions, starting from a single zygote?

Accepted Answer

$$N = 2^n$$

Nurs 1012 - Ch.28

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