$$GFR = \frac{Urine\ concentration\ of\ Cr \times Urine\ flow\ rate}{Plasma\ concentration\ of\ Cr}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main function of the nephron in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

To filter plasma and excrete waste products

Question 2

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through the vascular components of the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery → Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus → Efferent arteriole → Peritubular capillaries

Question 3

Which region of the nephron is primarily responsible for the majority of sodium reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

Proximal tubule

Question 4

A patient with severe burns loses a significant amount of plasma proteins. What is the expected effect on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and why?

Accepted Answer

GFR increases due to decreased plasma oncotic pressure

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly represents the filtration fraction (FF) in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

$$FF = \frac{GFR}{Renal\ Plasma\ Flow}$$

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why the glomerular capillaries are more efficient at filtration than other capillaries in the body?

Accepted Answer

They have very large fenestrations and high hydrostatic pressure

Question 7

A kidney stone causes a urinary tract obstruction. What is the most likely effect on GFR and why?

Accepted Answer

GFR decreases due to increased hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s capsule

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation is correct?

Accepted Answer

An increase in blood pressure causes constriction of the afferent arteriole

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the nephron?

Accepted Answer

ADH increases water permeability in the collecting duct

Question 10

Which of the following substances is filtered at the glomerulus, completely reabsorbed, and not secreted under normal physiological conditions?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 11

A patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus has glucose in their urine. Which concept explains this finding?

Accepted Answer

The filtered load of glucose exceeds the transport maximum (Tm) of the renal tubules

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct formula for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using creatinine clearance?

Accepted Answer

$$GFR = \frac{Urine\ concentration\ of\ Cr 	imes Urine\ flow\ rate}{Plasma\ concentration\ of\ Cr}$$

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of the macula densa in tubuloglomerular feedback?

Accepted Answer

It senses sodium chloride concentration in the distal tubule and signals the afferent arteriole to constrict if NaCl is high

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of plasma proteins

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why albuminuria (protein in urine) is a sign of glomerular disease?

Accepted Answer

The glomerular filtration barrier loses its selectivity, allowing large proteins to pass into the filtrate

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the movement of water in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Water moves from the hypo-osmotic compartment to the hyperosmotic compartment

Question 17

Which of the following changes would most likely decrease GFR?

Accepted Answer

Constriction of the afferent arteriole

Question 18

Which of the following is true regarding the forces that drive and oppose glomerular filtration?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular capillary pressure drives filtration, while pressure in Bowman’s capsule and plasma oncotic pressure oppose it

Renal Anatomy and Physiology: Structure and Function of the Kidney and Nephron

Study Guide - Practice Questions