Question 1

Which structure carries urine from the kidney to the bladder?

Accepted Answer

Ureter

Question 2

What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Filtration of blood plasma

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the path of blood flow into and out of the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus → Efferent arteriole

Question 4

Which region of the kidney contains the renal pyramids?

Accepted Answer

Renal medulla

Question 5

A patient has a glomerular filtration pressure calculated as follows: $$P_{GC} = 55\ 	ext{mm Hg}$$, $$\pi_{GC} = 30\ 	ext{mm Hg}$$, $$P_{BC} = 15\ 	ext{mm Hg}$$, $$\pi_{BC} = 0\ 	ext{mm Hg}. $$What is the net filtration pressure?

Accepted Answer

$$(P_{GC} + \pi_{BC}) - (P_{BC} + \pi_{GC}) = (55 + 0) - (15 + 30) = 10\ 	ext{mm Hg}$$

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a function of the peritubular capillaries?

Accepted Answer

Filtration of blood plasma

Question 7

If the afferent arteriole constricts, what is the expected effect on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

GFR decreases

Question 8

Which structure is responsible for the majority of nutrient reabsorption in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 9

A blockage in the renal vein would most directly affect which process?

Accepted Answer

Drainage of deoxygenated blood from the kidney

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of the juxtaglomerular (granular) cells?

Accepted Answer

They secrete renin in response to low blood pressure

Question 11

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the flow of filtrate through the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Bowman’s capsule → Proximal convoluted tubule → Loop of Henle → Distal convoluted tubule → Collecting duct

Question 12

Which of the following would most likely increase glomerular filtration pressure?

Accepted Answer

Constriction of the efferent arteriole

Question 13

A patient with severe dehydration is likely to have which of the following effects on glomerular filtration?

Accepted Answer

Increased plasma oncotic pressure, decreased GFR

Question 14

Which vessel supplies blood directly to the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

Afferent arteriole

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why proteins are not normally found in the urine?

Accepted Answer

The filtration barrier in the glomerulus prevents large molecules like proteins from passing

Question 16

Which of the following is a direct result of increased hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s capsule?

Accepted Answer

Decreased glomerular filtration rate

Question 17

If a patient has a kidney stone blocking the ureter, which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Increased hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s capsule

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the vasa recta?

Accepted Answer

Maintains the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct formula for glomerular filtration pressure as shown in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Glomerular filtration pressure} = (P_{GC} + \pi_{BC}) - (P_{BC} + \pi_{GC})$$

Renal Anatomy and Physiology: Structure and Function of the Urinary System

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