Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Production of digestive enzymes

Question 2

A patient presents with a loss of cushioning fat around the kidney, resulting in the kidney dropping to a lower position. What is this condition called?

Accepted Answer

Renal ptosis

Question 3

Which structure is responsible for the majority of glomerular filtration in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Bowman's capsule

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the difference between filtrate and urine?

Accepted Answer

Filtrate is plasma minus proteins; urine is filtrate minus nutrients, essential ions, and most water.

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly represents the filtration fraction in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

$$FF = \frac{GFR}{RPF}$$

Question 6

Which type of nephron is primarily responsible for concentrating urine, and why?

Accepted Answer

Juxtamedullary nephron, because it has a long loop of Henle extending deep into the medulla

Question 7

A patient with a urinary tract infection is at risk for which condition if the infection spreads to the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Pyelonephritis

Question 8

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery → Interlobar artery → Arcuate artery → Cortical radiate artery → Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus → Efferent arteriole → Peritubular capillaries

Question 9

Which cells in the juxtaglomerular complex act as mechanoreceptors and secrete renin?

Accepted Answer

Granular (JG) cells

Question 10

Which antibody is most abundant in secretions such as saliva and breastmilk, and what is its structure?

Accepted Answer

IgA; dimer

Question 11

During negative selection of T-cells, what outcome occurs if a T-cell recognizes self-antigen presented via self-MHC?

Accepted Answer

The T-cell undergoes apoptosis

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of the renal plexus?

Accepted Answer

It provides sympathetic innervation to regulate renal blood flow by adjusting arteriole diameter.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the principal cells in the collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

Salt and water balance

Question 14

A camel has a higher percentage of juxtamedullary nephrons compared to humans. What is the physiological advantage of this adaptation?

Accepted Answer

It enables the camel to concentrate urine more effectively, conserving water.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of the peritubular capillaries?

Accepted Answer

They are involved in reabsorption and secretion between blood and the renal tubules.

Question 16

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the difference between the internal and external urethral sphincters?

Accepted Answer

The internal sphincter is involuntary, while the external is voluntary.

Question 17

Which process is responsible for the movement of substances from the blood into the renal tubule, except for proteins and blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular filtration

Question 18

Which of the following is a direct effect of renin secretion by the juxtaglomerular cells?

Accepted Answer

Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, leading to increased blood pressure

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of the renal pelvis?

Accepted Answer

It collects urine from the calyces and channels it into the ureter.

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

$$GFR = K_f 	imes (P_{GC} - P_{BS} - \pi_{GC})$$

Renal System: Anatomy and Physiology Study Notes

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