Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of GTP to cGMP in the nitric oxide signaling pathway during erection?

$$ \mathrm{GTP} \xrightarrow{\text{Guanylate\ Cyclase}} \mathrm{cGMP} + \mathrm{PP_i} $$

Question 1

Which hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining the endometrium during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

Accepted Answer

Progesterone

Question 2

During the late luteal phase, what hormonal changes trigger the onset of menstruation?

Accepted Answer

A fall in estrogen and progesterone

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the feedback mechanism of estrogen and progesterone on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary during the early to mid-luteal phase?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback, decreasing FSH and LH secretion

Question 4

Which of the following is a secondary sex characteristic in females that is primarily influenced by estrogen?

Accepted Answer

Breast development

Question 5

Which hormone is primarily responsible for female libido and is produced by the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Androgens

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the physiological process leading to penile erection?

Accepted Answer

Parasympathetic stimulation leads to nitric oxide release, causing smooth muscle relaxation

Question 7

Which of the following is a common cause of erectile dysfunction that may also serve as an early warning sign for another systemic disease?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes mellitus

Question 8

Sildenafil (Viagra) treats erectile dysfunction by inhibiting which enzyme, thereby increasing cGMP levels and promoting vascular smooth muscle relaxation?

Accepted Answer

Phosphodiesterase 5

Question 9

Which contraceptive method works by creating a mild inflammatory reaction in the endometrium, preventing implantation of a fertilized egg?

Accepted Answer

Intrauterine device (IUD)

Question 10

A woman using a combination oral contraceptive pill is protected from pregnancy primarily because the hormones in the pill:

Accepted Answer

Inhibit gonadotropin (FSH and LH) secretion

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of GTP to cGMP in the nitric oxide signaling pathway during erection?

Accepted Answer

$$ \mathrm{GTP} \xrightarrow{	ext{Guanylate\ Cyclase}} \mathrm{cGMP} + \mathrm{PP_i} $$

Question 12

Which of the following is the most effective method of contraception based on typical use, according to the provided data?

Accepted Answer

Sterilization

Question 13

A patient presents with low sexual desire. Which of the following treatments is specifically designed to restore prefrontal cortex control over the brain's motivation/reward pathways in women?

Accepted Answer

Flibanserin (Addyi)

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why menstruation occurs approximately 14 days after ovulation if pregnancy does not occur?

Accepted Answer

The corpus luteum undergoes apoptosis, leading to a drop in progesterone and estrogen

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-world example of a barrier method of contraception?

Accepted Answer

Diaphragm

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the erection reflex?

Accepted Answer

NO activates guanylate cyclase, increasing cGMP and causing smooth muscle relaxation

Question 17

Which of the following is a plausible side effect of intrauterine devices (IUDs) as a contraceptive method?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why male hormone contraception using progestin/androgen therapy is effective?

Accepted Answer

It suppresses spermatogenesis by inhibiting gonadotropin release

Question 19

Which of the following is a multi-step process that occurs during the emission and ejaculation phases in males?

Accepted Answer

Sperm move from the vas deferens to the urethra, mix with glandular secretions to form semen, and are expelled by muscular contractions

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which hormonal contraceptives prevent ovulation?

Accepted Answer

They provide negative feedback to the anterior pituitary, suppressing FSH and LH release

Repro 5 -March 30

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