$$\text{Choline} + \text{Acetyl CoA} \xrightarrow{\text{Choline acetyltransferase}} \text{Acetylcholine}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process by which a sensory neuron converts a physical stimulus into an intracellular signal?

Accepted Answer

Transduction, where the stimulus opens or closes gated channels, leading to a change in membrane potential.

Question 2

A patient presents with loss of fine touch sensation in the right hand. Which pathway is most likely disrupted?

Accepted Answer

Primary sensory neurons projecting to the medulla, then secondary neurons crossing to the thalamus, and tertiary neurons to the somatosensory cortex.

Question 3

Which equation best represents the relationship between stimulus intensity and action potential frequency?

Accepted Answer

$$f_{AP} \propto I_{stimulus}$$

Question 4

Which sensory receptor is responsible for detecting changes in blood glucose concentration?

Accepted Answer

Chemoreceptor

Question 5

Sound localization depends on which of the following mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

The timing difference in which sound reaches the auditory cortex from each ear.

Question 6

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the coding of stimulus modality?

Accepted Answer

Modality is determined by the type of sensory receptor activated and where the pathway terminates in the brain.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the difference between tonic and phasic receptors?

Accepted Answer

Tonic receptors respond for the duration of a stimulus, while phasic receptors rapidly adapt and turn off.

Question 8

Which neurotransmitter is released by most postganglionic sympathetic neurons?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 9

Which equation represents the synthesis of acetylcholine in the axon terminal?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Choline} + 	ext{Acetyl CoA} \xrightarrow{	ext{Choline acetyltransferase}} 	ext{Acetylcholine}$$

Question 10

Which of the following is a property of sympathetic adrenergic receptors?

Accepted Answer

They are all G-protein coupled receptors (metabotropic).

Question 11

A patient is experiencing increased heart rate and dilated pupils. Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is most active?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why the CNS can distinguish between different sensory modalities?

Accepted Answer

Each sensory pathway projects to a specific region of the cerebral cortex dedicated to a particular receptive field.

Question 13

Which effector organ is affected by both sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation, resulting in antagonistic control?

Accepted Answer

Heart

Question 14

Which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic neurons in both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 15

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the adrenal medulla?

Accepted Answer

It is a modified sympathetic ganglion that releases epinephrine into the blood.

Question 16

Which equation best represents the effect of $$\$$beta_1$$ adrenergic receptor activation in the heart?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{NE} ightarrow 	ext{\beta}_1 ightarrow \uparrow 	ext{cAMP}$$

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of mechanoreceptors?

Accepted Answer

Detecting cell stretch (osmoreceptors), vibration, acceleration, and sound.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the digestive tract?

Accepted Answer

Increases motility and secretion.

Question 19

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the location of ganglia in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic ganglia are located near the spinal cord, while parasympathetic ganglia are located on or near their target organs.

Sensory Physiology and Autonomic Motor Control: Mini-Textbook Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions