Question 1

Refer to Image 1. What is the structure at the center of this image, and what is its primary function in compact bone?

Accepted Answer

Central canal (Haversian canal); it contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the osteon.

Question 2

Image 2 shows a type of cartilage. Which type is it, and where is it most likely found in the body?

Accepted Answer

Fibrocartilage; found in the pubic symphysis and menisci of the knee.

Question 3

Image 3 shows cartilage cells. What is the name of the cell type visible in the lacunae, and what is their function?

Accepted Answer

Chondrocytes; they maintain the cartilage matrix.

Question 4

Based on Image 4, which bones are classified as flat bones?

Accepted Answer

Frontal, parietal, and sternum

Question 5

Refer to Image 5. Which cell type is responsible for bone resorption, and what is the process called?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast; bone resorption

Question 6

Image 6 shows a cross-section of a long bone. What is the name of the cavity in the center, and what does it contain in adults?

Accepted Answer

Medullary cavity; yellow bone marrow

Question 7

Image 7 illustrates the structure of a flat bone. Which statement is correct regarding flat bones?

Accepted Answer

They have compact bone on the outside and spongy bone (diploë) inside.

Question 8

Image 8 and 9 depict stages of endochondral ossification. Which event occurs first during this process?

Accepted Answer

Chondroblasts in the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts.

Question 9

Image 10 shows the zones of the epiphyseal plate. In which zone do chondrocytes divide rapidly, contributing to bone lengthening?

Accepted Answer

Zone of Proliferation

Question 10

Image 13 shows the process of appositional growth. Which cells are responsible for increasing the diameter of bone by adding new bone matrix to the outer surface?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblasts in the periosteum

Question 11

Image 16 shows the process of intramembranous ossification. Which bones are primarily formed by this process?

Accepted Answer

Frontal and parietal bones of the skull

Question 12

Image 17 shows the thyroid and parathyroid glands. Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 13

Image 18 illustrates bone repair. What is the correct sequence of events during bone healing after a fracture?

Accepted Answer

Hematoma, soft callus, bone callus, bone remodeling

Question 14

Image 19 shows the vertebral column. Which curvature is concave posteriorly and develops as a child begins to walk?

Accepted Answer

Lumbar curvature

Question 15

Images 21, 22, and 23 show abnormal spinal curvatures. Which image represents scoliosis, and what is its defining feature?

Accepted Answer

Image 22; lateral curvature of the spine

Question 16

Image 24 shows normal and osteoporotic bone. What is the primary risk associated with osteoporosis?

Accepted Answer

Fragile bones and increased risk of fractures

Question 17

A patient presents with a greenstick fracture. Based on your knowledge, which population is most at risk for this type of fracture and why?

Accepted Answer

Children; because their bones are more flexible and less mineralized

Question 18

Which hormone limits the activity of osteoclasts, thereby reducing bone resorption?

Accepted Answer

Estrogen

Question 19

Which process is described by the following equation: $	ext{Ca}^{2+} + 	ext{PO}_4^{3-} ightarrow 	ext{Ca}_3(	ext{PO}_4)_2$ and what is its significance in bone physiology?

Accepted Answer

Calcification; it hardens the bone matrix by depositing calcium salts

Skeletal System: Bones & Bone Tissue – Structure, Function, and Physiology

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