Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main function of simple squamous epithelium, and where is it commonly found?

Accepted Answer

Diffusion and filtration; found in alveoli of lungs and lining blood vessels

Question 2

A patient presents with a burn that damages the entire epidermis and part of the dermis, resulting in blisters and possible scarring. What type of burn is this, and what is the primary tissue type affected in the epidermis?

Accepted Answer

Second-degree burn; stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

Question 3

Which connective tissue type is characterized by a gel-like ground substance, loosely organized fibers, and is found under epithelia and around organs?

Accepted Answer

Areolar connective tissue

Question 4

Which cell type is responsible for building new bone matrix, and what vitamin is essential for collagen synthesis in bone?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblast; Vitamin C

Question 5

A histology slide shows multiple layers of flat cells with only the deepest layer touching the basement membrane. This tissue is most likely:

Accepted Answer

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 6

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity, and what is the formula for calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); $$\Delta [Ca$$^{2+}$$] = Ca_{in} - Ca_{out}$$

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the structure and function of hyaline cartilage?

Accepted Answer

Contains chondrocytes in lacunae within a gel-like matrix; provides stiff but flexible support and reduces friction between bones

Question 8

Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for mitotic activity and attachment to the dermis?

Accepted Answer

Stratum basale (germinativum)

Question 9

A tissue sample from the trachea shows ciliated cells with nuclei at different heights, but all cells touch the basement membrane. What is the function of this tissue?

Accepted Answer

Protection, secretion, and movement of mucus

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why elderly individuals are more prone to osteoporosis?

Accepted Answer

Decreased estrogen/testosterone, reduced physical activity, and lower calcium absorption

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct pairing of connective tissue type and its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Adipose tissue – energy storage and insulation

Question 12

Which process describes the replacement of a cartilage model with bone, and what is the main site of lengthwise growth in a long bone?

Accepted Answer

Endochondral ossification; epiphyseal plate

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of melanocytes in the epidermis?

Accepted Answer

Produce melanin to protect against UV radiation

Question 14

A patient with a parathyroid tumor has elevated blood calcium levels. Which bone cell is likely overactive, and what is the effect on bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast; bone resorption and weakened bones

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding the structure of compact bone?

Accepted Answer

It is organized into osteons with central (Haversian) canals

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of the hypodermis?

Accepted Answer

Anchors skin to underlying tissues, insulates, and stores energy

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in bone fracture repair?

Accepted Answer

Hematoma → fibrocartilaginous callus → bony callus → remodeling

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets or osteomalacia?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D is necessary for calcium and phosphate absorption in the intestines

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of the cutaneous membrane?

Accepted Answer

Forms the skin and provides a protective barrier

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference between dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue?

Accepted Answer

Dense regular CT has collagen fibers in parallel bundles for tensile strength in one direction; dense irregular CT has collagen fibers in multiple directions for resistance to stress from many directions.

Study Guide: Histology, Integumentary System, and Bone Structure (Ch. 4–6, ANP College Level)

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