Q: If a patient has an end diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 ml and an end systolic volume (ESV) of 50 ml, what is their stroke volume (SV)?

$$SV = 120 \text{ ml} - 50 \text{ ml} = 70 \text{ ml}$$

Question 1

Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for the contractile force that pumps blood throughout the body?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 2

During ventricular systole, which heart valves are closed?

Accepted Answer

Atrioventricular valves

Question 3

What is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart starting from the vena cava?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the function of the chordae tendineae?

Accepted Answer

They anchor the AV valve flaps to papillary muscles, preventing valve prolapse during ventricular contraction.

Question 5

Which equation correctly represents cardiac output (CO)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 6

If a patient has an end diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 ml and an end systolic volume (ESV) of 50 ml, what is their stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = 120 	ext{ ml} - 50 	ext{ ml} = 70 	ext{ ml}$$

Question 7

Which of the following is true regarding the left ventricle compared to the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

The left ventricle has thicker myocardium because it pumps blood to the entire body.

Question 8

Which structure is known as the heart's pacemaker and initiates the electrical impulse for each heartbeat?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 9

What is the primary physiological effect of increased preload on stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

Increased stroke volume due to greater stretching of cardiac muscle fibers.

Question 10

Which of the following would most likely cause a heart murmur?

Accepted Answer

Turbulent blood flow due to a narrowed or incompetent valve.

Question 11

Which phase of the cardiac cycle is associated with the closure of the AV valves and the beginning of ventricular systole?

Accepted Answer

Isovolumetric contraction

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The greater the preload, the greater the stroke volume.

Question 13

Which ion is primarily responsible for the depolarization phase of the action potential in cardiac pacemaker cells?

Accepted Answer

Calcium ($$Ca^{2+})$$

Question 14

A patient with hypertension is likely to experience which change in stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

Decreased stroke volume due to increased afterload.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct formula for ejection fraction (EF)?

Accepted Answer

$$EF = \frac{SV}{EDV}$$

Question 16

Which of the following would most likely increase heart rate?

Accepted Answer

Release of epinephrine

Question 17

Which wave on an ECG corresponds to ventricular depolarization?

Accepted Answer

QRS complex

Question 18

If the vagus nerve is cut, what immediate effect would you expect on heart rate?

Accepted Answer

Heart rate would increase to approximately 100 bpm.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a function of the pericardium?

Accepted Answer

Increasing contractility of the myocardium

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased sympathetic stimulation on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and contractility

Study Guide: The Cardiovascular System – The Heart

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