Q: Which of the following is a correct sequence for the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis?

$$\text{Hypothalamus} \rightarrow \text{TRH} \rightarrow \text{Anterior pituitary} \rightarrow \text{TSH} \rightarrow \text{Thyroid gland} \rightarrow \text{Thyroid hormones}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to plasma membrane receptors and act through second-messenger systems such as cAMP.

Question 2

A patient presents with an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) due to iodine deficiency. Which step in thyroid hormone synthesis is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Attachment of iodine to tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin

Question 3

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases osteoclast activity to release calcium from bone

Question 4

Which of the following is a tropic hormone produced by the anterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 5

A patient with Cushing’s syndrome is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Buffalo hump of fat on the upper back

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones have a longer half-life in blood compared to peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones are bound to plasma proteins, protecting them from rapid degradation.

Question 7

Which of the following scenarios is an example of a humoral stimulus for hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Low blood calcium stimulates the parathyroid glands to release PTH.

Question 8

Which hormone is secreted by the heart and acts to decrease blood sodium concentration, blood pressure, and blood volume?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 9

A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus is unable to produce which hormone, leading to high blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the direct gene activation mechanism of lipid-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds to an intracellular receptor, and the complex acts as a transcription factor in the nucleus.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Hypothalamus} ightarrow 	ext{TRH} ightarrow 	ext{Anterior pituitary} ightarrow 	ext{TSH} ightarrow 	ext{Thyroid gland} ightarrow 	ext{Thyroid hormones}$$

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of osteocalcin secreted by osteoblasts in bone?

Accepted Answer

Enhances insulin secretion and improves glucose handling

Question 13

Which hormone is released by the kidneys and stimulates the production of red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Increases calcium reabsorption and activates vitamin D

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct pairing of hormone and its primary stimulus for release?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone – low blood calcium

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct definition for the prefix 'neuro-'?

Accepted Answer

Relating to nerves or the nervous system

Question 17

Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the anterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of leptin released by adipose tissue?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates increased energy expenditure and appetite control

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct description of the function of cholecalciferol produced by the skin?

Accepted Answer

It is a precursor of vitamin D.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a sensory receptor and the type of stimulus it responds to?

Accepted Answer

Chemoreceptor – chemicals

Study Guide: The Endocrine System (Chapter 16, Human Anatomy & Physiology)

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards