Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the action of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

$$3 \ \mathrm{Na}^+_{\text{out}} : 2 \ \mathrm{K}^+_{\text{in}}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Accepted Answer

They form the myelin sheath around axons in the CNS, increasing the speed of action potential propagation.

Question 2

A patient has lost the ability to coordinate voluntary muscle movements and maintain balance. Which brain region is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Cerebellum

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the resting membrane potential of a neuron is correct?

Accepted Answer

The inside of the neuron is relatively negative compared to the outside due to the presence of negatively charged proteins.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why myelinated axons conduct action potentials faster than unmyelinated axons?

Accepted Answer

Myelin allows action potentials to 'jump' between nodes of Ranvier in a process called saltatory conduction.

Question 5

A neurotransmitter binds to a ligand-gated sodium channel on the postsynaptic membrane, causing sodium ions to enter the cell. What is the immediate effect on the postsynaptic neuron?

Accepted Answer

The membrane becomes depolarized, making it more likely to reach threshold for an action potential.

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of body temperature, hunger, and coordination of the endocrine and nervous systems.

Question 7

A patient is unable to feel pain or temperature on one side of their body. Which type of receptor and division of the nervous system is most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Somatic sensory receptors in the sensory (afferent) division of the PNS

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of astrocytes in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

They form the blood-brain barrier and provide structural support for neurons.

Question 9

Which of the following equations correctly represents the action of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

$$3 \ \mathrm{Na}^+_{	ext{out}} : 2 \ \mathrm{K}^+_{	ext{in}}$$

Question 10

A patient presents with a loss of sensation and voluntary movement below the level of a spinal cord injury. Which part of the nervous system is directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Central nervous system (CNS)

Question 11

Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with the 'fight or flight' response in the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine (E)

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of the thalamus?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a relay and processing center for all sensory information except olfaction.

Question 13

During an action potential, which event occurs immediately after the peak depolarization phase?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated potassium channels open, leading to repolarization.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events at a chemical synapse?

Accepted Answer

Action potential arrives at axon terminal → Ca$$^{2+}$$ influx → neurotransmitter release → postsynaptic receptor activation

Question 15

A lesion in the precentral gyrus would most likely result in which of the following deficits?

Accepted Answer

Loss of voluntary motor control on the contralateral side of the body

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of the corpus callosum?

Accepted Answer

It is a major tract of white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct description of the meninges?

Accepted Answer

The dura mater is the tough, outermost layer that contains dural sinuses.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why damage to the medulla oblongata can be fatal?

Accepted Answer

It contains autonomic centers that control vital functions such as heart rate and respiration.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain?

Accepted Answer

CSF is produced in the choroid plexuses, flows through the ventricles, enters the subarachnoid space, and is absorbed by arachnoid granulations into dural sinuses.

Study Guide: The Nervous System (Organization, Cells, and Functional Anatomy)

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