Q: Which equation best represents the breakdown of lipids in adipocytes triggered by sympathetic stimulation?

$$\text{Triglyceride} \rightarrow \text{Glycerol} + 3\text{Fatty Acids}$$

Q: Which equation best represents the release of glucose from glycogen in the liver during sympathetic stimulation?

$$\text{Glycogen} \rightarrow \text{Glucose}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

Accepted Answer

It oversees vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestive and urinary functions without conscious control.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing increased heart rate and dilated pupils after a car accident. Which division of the ANS is most likely responsible for these effects?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 3

Which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 4

In the sympathetic nervous system, which receptor subtype is primarily responsible for vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin?

Accepted Answer

Alpha-1 receptors

Question 5

Which equation best represents the breakdown of lipids in adipocytes triggered by sympathetic stimulation?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Triglyceride} ightarrow 	ext{Glycerol} + 3	ext{Fatty Acids}$$

Question 6

A drug that blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors would most likely have which effect?

Accepted Answer

Decrease heart rate and force of contraction

Question 7

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the anatomical organization of the sympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic ganglia are generally near the spinal cord.

Question 8

Which cranial nerve provides about 90% of parasympathetic innervation to the body?

Accepted Answer

Vagus nerve

Question 9

During a 'fight or flight' response, which physiological change occurs in the bronchioles?

Accepted Answer

Bronchioles dilate, increasing airflow.

Question 10

Which receptor is found on all postganglionic neurons and cells of the adrenal medulla, and binds acetylcholine?

Accepted Answer

Nicotinic receptor

Question 11

A patient is prescribed atropine to treat a slow heart rate. What is the mechanism of action of atropine?

Accepted Answer

It is a muscarinic antagonist that blocks parasympathetic effects.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains dual innervation?

Accepted Answer

Most organs are innervated by neurons from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Question 13

Which effect is NOT directly caused by parasympathetic stimulation?

Accepted Answer

Increase in metabolic rate

Question 14

A patient with Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) stands up and experiences dizziness and rapid heart rate. Which physiological mechanism is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic regulation of blood vessel diameter

Question 15

Which equation best represents the release of glucose from glycogen in the liver during sympathetic stimulation?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Glycogen} ightarrow 	ext{Glucose}$$

Question 16

Which of the following is a real-world consequence of drugs with anticholinergic side effects?

Accepted Answer

Dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, and blurred vision

Question 17

Which of the following statements about autonomic tone is correct?

Accepted Answer

Parasympathetic tone is dominant in the digestive and urinary systems.

Question 18

Which pathway correctly describes the visceral reflex arc?

Accepted Answer

Afferent sensory neurons → CNS integration → Efferent motor neurons → Autonomic ganglia → Target organs

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus in autonomic nervous system regulation?

Accepted Answer

Regulates physiological variables centrally by sending signals to autonomic centers in the reticular formation

Ch. 14 Autonomic Nervous System and Homeostasis: ANP Study Notes

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