Q: Which equation best represents the negative feedback loop involving alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system?

$$\text{NE binds to } \$$alpha_2$$ \text{ receptor} \rightarrow \text{hyperpolarization} \rightarrow \downarrow \text{ACh release}$$

Q: Which equation describes the effect of norepinephrine binding to beta-2 receptors on liver cells?

$$\text{NE binds to } \$$beta_2$$ \text{ receptor} \rightarrow \text{glycogen breakdown} \rightarrow \uparrow \text{blood glucose}$$

Q: Which equation best represents the dual innervation of the heart by the autonomic nervous system?

$$\text{Sympathetic: NE binds to } \$$beta_1$$ \text{ receptor} \rightarrow \uparrow \text{heart rate}$$; $$\text{Parasympathetic: ACh binds to muscarinic receptor} \rightarrow \downarrow \text{heart rate}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

Accepted Answer

To regulate involuntary vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion

Question 2

In the visceral reflex arc, which neuron type transmits sensory signals from the viscera to the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Afferent sensory neuron

Question 3

Which neurotransmitter is released by all sympathetic preganglionic neurons?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 4

A patient is prescribed a beta-2 agonist for asthma. What is the expected physiological effect?

Accepted Answer

Dilation of bronchioles

Question 5

Which of the following statements about the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems is correct?

Accepted Answer

Parasympathetic postganglionic axons are shorter than sympathetic postganglionic axons

Question 6

During a 'fight or flight' response, which receptor subtype is primarily responsible for increasing heart rate and force of contraction?

Accepted Answer

Beta-1 adrenergic receptor

Question 7

Which equation best represents the negative feedback loop involving alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{NE binds to } \$$alpha_2$$ 	ext{ receptor} ightarrow 	ext{hyperpolarization} ightarrow \downarrow 	ext{ACh release}$$

Question 8

Which of the following is a direct effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the digestive tract?

Accepted Answer

Contraction of smooth muscle and increased peristalsis

Question 9

A drug that blocks muscarinic receptors would most likely cause which of the following side effects?

Accepted Answer

Constipation and dry mouth

Question 10

Which cranial nerve carries the majority of parasympathetic output to thoracic and abdominal viscera?

Accepted Answer

Vagus nerve (CN X)

Question 11

Which equation describes the effect of norepinephrine binding to beta-2 receptors on liver cells?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{NE binds to } \$$beta_2$$ 	ext{ receptor} ightarrow 	ext{glycogen breakdown} ightarrow \uparrow 	ext{blood glucose}$$

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why sympathetic tone dominates in blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic stimulation keeps blood vessels partially constricted to maintain blood pressure

Question 13

A patient with hypertension is prescribed an alpha-1 blocker. What is the mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

It binds to alpha-1 receptors and prevents norepinephrine from causing vasoconstriction

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a direct effect of sympathetic nervous system activation?

Accepted Answer

Increase in digestive enzyme secretion

Question 15

Which equation best represents the dual innervation of the heart by the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Sympathetic: NE binds to } \$$beta_1$$ 	ext{ receptor} ightarrow \uparrow 	ext{heart rate}$$; $$	ext{Parasympathetic: ACh binds to muscarinic receptor} ightarrow \downarrow 	ext{heart rate}$$

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the location of sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies?

Accepted Answer

In the lateral horns of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord

Question 17

Which neurotransmitter and receptor combination is responsible for increased sweat gland secretion during sympathetic activation?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine binding to muscarinic receptors

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the effects of parasympathetic activity on the eye?

Accepted Answer

It causes constriction of the pupil and accommodation of the lens for near vision

Question 19

Which equation best represents the effect of sympathetic stimulation on adipocytes?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{NE binds to } \$$beta_3$$ 	ext{ receptor} ightarrow 	ext{lipid breakdown} ightarrow \uparrow 	ext{free fatty acids}$$

The Autonomic Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Homeostasis

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