Q: Calculate the cardiac output (CO) if the heart rate (HR) is 80 beats per minute and the stroke volume (SV) is 65 mL per beat. Use the formula $$CO = HR \times SV.$$

$$CO = 80 \times 65 = 5200 mL/$$min

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the fibrous pericardium?

Accepted Answer

It anchors the heart to surrounding structures and prevents overexpansion.

Question 2

A patient presents with fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity, restricting heart movement. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Pericarditis leading to cardiac tamponade

Question 3

Which sequence correctly traces the path of blood through the heart, starting at the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → right AV valve → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left AV valve → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta

Question 4

Which of the following statements about the left ventricle is correct?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood into the aorta and has thicker walls than the right ventricle.

Question 5

What is the primary function of the chordae tendineae?

Accepted Answer

To anchor the AV valve cusps and prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction

Question 6

A patient with a blockage in the left anterior descending (LAD) artery is at risk for which condition?

Accepted Answer

Reduced oxygen supply to the left ventricle, possibly leading to myocardial infarction

Question 7

Which of the following best explains Starling’s law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The more the cardiac muscle is stretched by increased venous return, the stronger the contraction.

Question 8

Calculate the cardiac output (CO) if the heart rate (HR) is 80 beats per minute and the stroke volume (SV) is 65 mL per beat. Use the formula $$CO = HR 	imes SV.$$

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 80 	imes 65 = 5200 mL/$$min

Question 9

Which of the following would most likely cause an increase in blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Release of epinephrine and vasoconstriction

Question 10

A patient is diagnosed with bradycardia. Which of the following best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

A heart rate less than 60 beats per minute

Question 11

Which of the following is true regarding the structure of arteries compared to veins?

Accepted Answer

Arteries have a thicker tunica media to withstand higher pressure.

Question 12

Which vessel carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary vein

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of the hepatic portal vein?

Accepted Answer

It carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver for processing.

Question 14

During which phase of the cardiac cycle are the AV valves open and the semilunar valves closed?

Accepted Answer

Atrial diastole (ventricular filling)

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct formula for blood pressure (BP) in terms of cardiac output (CO) and peripheral resistance (PR)?

Accepted Answer

$$BP = CO 	imes PR$$

Question 16

A patient with a sustained blood pressure of 150/95 mm Hg is most accurately described as having:

Accepted Answer

Hypertension

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why fluid moves out of capillaries at the arterial end and is reclaimed at the venous end?

Accepted Answer

Blood pressure is higher than osmotic pressure at the arterial end, and lower at the venous end.

Question 18

Which structure serves as the heart’s pacemaker?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 19

Which of the following is a direct effect of sympathetic nervous system activation on the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and vasoconstriction

Question 20

A patient experiences chest pain radiating to the left arm after strenuous activity, which is relieved by rest and medication. What is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Angina pectoris due to temporary coronary artery narrowing

The Cardiovascular System: Structure and Function

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