Question 1

Which layer of the artery wall is primarily responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation by contracting and relaxing?

Accepted Answer

Tunica media

Question 2

A patient presents with dilated, twisted veins in the lower limbs and complains of aching pain. Which anatomical feature is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Venous valves

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the flow of deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Inferior vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries

Question 4

Which vessel wall layer contains the vasa vasorum and provides structural support to large arteries and veins?

Accepted Answer

Tunica externa (adventitia)

Question 5

A blockage in the anterior interventricular artery would most directly affect which region of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Both ventricles

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct sequence of blood flow through the heart and lungs, starting at the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk → lungs

Question 7

Which structure anchors the heart in the thoracic cavity and prevents overstretching during increased blood volume?

Accepted Answer

Fibrous pericardium

Question 8

If the left coronary artery is blocked just after it branches from the aorta, which areas of the heart are most at risk for ischemia?

Accepted Answer

Left atrium and both ventricles

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why veins have thinner walls and larger lumens compared to arteries?

Accepted Answer

Veins carry blood at lower pressure and need to accommodate larger blood volumes

Question 10

A patient with a congenital defect lacks functional chordae tendineae. Which of the following complications is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Backflow of blood from ventricles to atria during ventricular contraction

Question 11

Which vessel returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary vein

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of the coronary sinus?

Accepted Answer

It collects deoxygenated blood from the myocardium and empties into the right atrium

Question 13

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between blood flow (Q), pressure difference ($\Delta P$), and resistance (R) in a vessel?

Accepted Answer

$Q = \frac{\Delta P}{R}$

Question 14

Which of the following is a unique feature of medium-sized muscular arteries compared to veins?

Accepted Answer

A thicker tunica media with more smooth muscle cells

Question 15

During vigorous exercise, which mechanism helps propel blood back to the heart through the veins in the lower limbs?

Accepted Answer

Muscle pump action and venous valves

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricle has a thicker myocardium than the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

It must generate higher pressure to pump blood through the systemic circulation

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct order of layers from the innermost to the outermost in a vein wall?

Accepted Answer

Tunica intima → tunica media → tunica externa

Question 18

A patient has a clot blocking the marginal branch of the right coronary artery. Which area of the heart is most likely to be affected?

Accepted Answer

Right ventricle

Question 19

Which of the following statements about the pericardial cavity is correct?

Accepted Answer

It contains pericardial fluid that reduces friction between the heart and pericardium

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of the internal elastic lamina in arteries?

Accepted Answer

It allows the artery to stretch and recoil with each heartbeat

The Cardiovascular System: Structure and Function of the Heart, Arteries, and Veins

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