Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

It transports blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients while removing carbon dioxide and wastes.

Question 2

Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary artery

Question 3

What is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart, starting at the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta

Question 4

Which heart valve prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium during ventricular contraction?

Accepted Answer

Left atrioventricular (bicuspid/mitral) valve

Question 5

Which of the following is a function of the papillary muscles and tendinous cords during ventricular contraction?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the AV valves from inverting into the atria.

Question 6

A patient with left ventricular failure is most likely to develop which clinical symptom?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary edema

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why cardiac muscle cannot exhibit tetany?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle cells have a long refractory period due to the plateau phase.

Question 8

Which of the following is true regarding the SA node?

Accepted Answer

It initiates the heartbeat and is known as the pacemaker of the heart.

Question 9

Which equation correctly relates cardiac output (CO), heart rate (HR), and stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 10

A patient has an end-diastolic volume (EDV) of 140 mL and an end-systolic volume (ESV) of 60 mL. What is their stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV = 140\,mL - 60\,mL = 80\,mL$$

Question 11

Which of the following would increase stroke volume according to the Frank-Starling law?

Accepted Answer

Increased venous return leading to greater ventricular filling

Question 12

Which of the following is a positive chronotropic agent?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 13

Which event is represented by the QRS complex on an ECG?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular depolarization

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased afterload on stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

Stroke volume decreases

Question 15

Which structure is responsible for the delay in action potential conduction, allowing the ventricles to fill before they contract?

Accepted Answer

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Question 16

A patient is given a drug that blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors. What is the expected effect on heart rate?

Accepted Answer

Heart rate will decrease

Question 17

Which of the following is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated $$Ca^{2+}$$ channels during the plateau phase of a cardiac muscle action potential?

Accepted Answer

Sustained depolarization and prevention of tetany

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of coronary arteries?

Accepted Answer

They supply oxygenated blood to the heart wall.

Question 19

Which of the following would most likely cause a heart murmur due to valvular insufficiency?

Accepted Answer

Leaking of blood backward through a valve that does not close tightly

The Cardiovascular System: Structure, Function, and Physiology

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