Q: If a patient’s end diastolic volume (EDV) is 120 ml and end systolic volume (ESV) is 50 ml, what is their stroke volume (SV)?

$SV = 120 - 50 = 70 \text{ ml}$

Question 1

A 57-year-old male presents with central chest pain radiating down his left arm and diaphoresis. Which two symptoms are most concerning for a possible myocardial infarction?

Accepted Answer

Chest pain radiating to the left arm and diaphoresis

Question 2

Which two risk factors in the clinical case increase the likelihood of heart disease for the patient?

Accepted Answer

Smoking and hypertension

Question 3

What is the normal range for heart rate (pulse) in adults?

Accepted Answer

60–100 bpm

Question 4

A thrombus is best described as:

Accepted Answer

A blood clot that forms and remains attached to a vessel wall

Question 5

Which statement correctly describes the two circulation routes of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The right side pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs via the pulmonary circuit, and the left side pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body via the systemic circuit

Question 6

Which structure anchors the cusps of atrioventricular (AV) valves to the papillary muscles?

Accepted Answer

Chordae tendineae

Question 7

During ventricular systole, which valves are open and which are closed?

Accepted Answer

AV valves closed, semilunar valves open

Question 8

Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for the contractile function of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 9

A patient with pericarditis may develop cardiac tamponade. What is the primary danger of cardiac tamponade?

Accepted Answer

Compression of the heart's pumping ability due to excess fluid

Question 10

Which equation correctly calculates stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

$SV = EDV - ESV$

Question 11

If a patient’s end diastolic volume (EDV) is 120 ml and end systolic volume (ESV) is 50 ml, what is their stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

$SV = 120 - 50 = 70 	ext{ ml}$

Question 12

Which factor is most important in determining preload in the heart?

Accepted Answer

Venous return

Question 13

Which of the following is a positive inotropic agent that increases contractility?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 14

Hypertension increases afterload. What is the effect on stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

SV decreases

Question 15

Which sequence correctly describes the conduction pathway of the heart?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Question 16

Which ECG feature corresponds to ventricular depolarization?

Accepted Answer

QRS complex

Question 17

A patient with persistent tachycardia is at risk for which dangerous cardiac event?

Accepted Answer

Fibrillation

Question 18

Congestive heart failure (CHF) caused by left-sided failure results in:

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary congestion

Question 19

Which fetal heart structure connects the left and right atria and becomes the fossa ovalis after birth?

Accepted Answer

Foramen ovale

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of gap junctions in cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

They allow ions to pass from cell to cell, enabling the heart to act as a functional syncytium

The Cardiovascular System: The Heart – Structure, Function, and Clinical Relevance

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