Q: A patient has a stroke volume (SV) of 70 mL and a heart rate (HR) of 75 beats per minute. What is their cardiac output (CO)?

$$CO = 70 \times 75 = 5250 mL/$$min

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the pulmonary circuit in the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

It carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for gas exchange and returns oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with a blockage in the left coronary artery. Which area of the heart is most likely to be affected?

Accepted Answer

Left atrium and left ventricle

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly calculates cardiac output (CO)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 4

During which phase of the cardiac cycle are all heart valves closed and the ventricles are building pressure but not yet ejecting blood?

Accepted Answer

Isovolumetric contraction phase

Question 5

Which structure in the heart acts as the primary pacemaker, initiating the electrical impulse for each heartbeat?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 6

A patient presents with bradycardia. Which of the following best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

An abnormally slow heart rate under 60 beats per minute

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricle has a thicker myocardium than the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood at a higher pressure to the systemic circuit.

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) released by the heart?

Accepted Answer

Lowers blood pressure by decreasing blood volume

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the atrioventricular valves from inverting into the atria during ventricular contraction.

Question 10

A patient has a stroke volume (SV) of 70 mL and a heart rate (HR) of 75 beats per minute. What is their cardiac output (CO)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 70 	imes 75 = 5250 mL/$$min

Question 11

Which of the following events is represented by the QRS complex on an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular depolarization

Question 12

Which of the following would most likely increase afterload and decrease cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of gap junctions in cardiac muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

They allow the rapid propagation of action potentials between cells.

Question 14

Which of the following is true regarding the direction of blood flow through the heart?

Accepted Answer

Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, then to the pulmonary trunk.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why the heart can continue to beat even if all nervous connections to it are severed?

Accepted Answer

The heart displays automaticity due to pacemaker cells.

Question 16

Which of the following would most likely result from a myocardial infarction (heart attack)?

Accepted Answer

Death of cardiac muscle tissue due to lack of oxygen

Question 17

If the end-diastolic volume (EDV) is 120 mL and the end-systolic volume (ESV) is 50 mL, what is the stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = 120 - 50 = 70 mL$$

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of sympathetic nervous system stimulation on the heart?

Accepted Answer

It increases heart rate and contractility.

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures that an action potential travels through in the cardiac conduction system?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → AV bundle → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of the semilunar valves?

Accepted Answer

They prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles.

The Cardiovascular System: The Heart – Structure, Function, and Physiology

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