Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ ATPase) in maintaining cellular homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It moves 3 Na+ ions out of the cell and 2 K+ ions into the cell using ATP.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What is the most likely outcome, and why?

Accepted Answer

The cell will swell and may burst because water moves into the cell.

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for the synthesis of ATP and contains its own DNA?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why the plasma membrane is described as a 'fluid mosaic'?

Accepted Answer

It is a dynamic structure with proteins and lipids that can move laterally within the bilayer.

Question 5

A patient with cystic fibrosis has a mutation affecting a chloride ion channel protein. Which organelle is most likely involved in the misfolding of this protein?

Accepted Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 6

Which of the following processes requires energy in the form of ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

It stabilizes the membrane’s fluid structure during temperature changes.

Question 8

A cell is exposed to a toxin that inhibits RNA polymerase. Which cellular process will be directly affected first?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of membrane-bound enzymes embedded in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

They speed up chemical reactions at the membrane surface.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Accepted Answer

The cell uses specific receptors to internalize particular molecules into vesicles.

Question 11

Which cytoskeletal element is primarily responsible for maintaining cell shape and providing tracks for organelle movement?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules

Question 12

A mutation in a gene results in the accumulation of glycolipids in the brain, leading to neural dysfunction and early death. Which disease does this scenario most likely describe?

Accepted Answer

Tay-Sachs disease

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why water moves into cells placed in a hypotonic solution?

Accepted Answer

Water moves from an area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration.

Question 14

Which of the following is true regarding the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

Each set of three nucleotides (triplet) in DNA codes for one amino acid.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for export.

Question 16

Which of the following is a characteristic of facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

It uses membrane proteins to move substances down their concentration gradient.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

It brings specific amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA codon.

Question 18

A cell is unable to pass the G1 checkpoint due to DNA damage. What is the most likely fate of this cell?

Accepted Answer

It will undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis).

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of exocytosis?

Accepted Answer

The cell releases substances from vesicles by fusing them with the plasma membrane.

Question 20

Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

It creates and maintains cell shape, holds organelles in place, and provides transportation within the cell.

The Cell: Structure, Function, and Membrane Transport

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