Question 1

Which subatomic particle determines the atomic number of an element, and what is its charge?

Accepted Answer

Proton; positive charge

Question 2

A hydrogen atom has one proton and no neutrons. What is the mass number of this atom?

Accepted Answer

1

Question 3

Which element is most abundant in the human body and is essential for respiration?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen

Question 4

What type of bond is formed when one atom donates an electron to another atom, resulting in attraction between oppositely charged ions?

Accepted Answer

Ionic bond

Question 5

Which of the following best describes a polar covalent bond?

Accepted Answer

Electrons are shared unequally, creating partial charges

Question 6

Water molecules are attracted to each other by which type of bond, responsible for surface tension?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds

Question 7

Given the reaction $$AB + H_2O \rightarrow AH + BOH$$, what type of reaction is this?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis (decomposition)

Question 8

Which property of water allows it to dissolve ionic compounds such as NaCl?

Accepted Answer

Polarity and ability to form hydration spheres

Question 9

A solution with a pH of 5 has how many times more hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 7?

Accepted Answer

100 times

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of buffers in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Stabilize pH by neutralizing strong acids or bases

Question 11

Which organic molecule contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio and is used for short-term energy storage?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate

Question 12

What is the main structural difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds causing bends in their structure

Question 13

Which lipid is a structural component of cell membranes and also serves as a precursor for steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Cholesterol

Question 14

What is the primary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Question 15

Enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions. Which equation best represents activation energy?

Accepted Answer

$$E_a = E_{transition\ state} - E_{reactants}$$

Question 16

Which factor can cause denaturation of a protein, resulting in loss of function?

Accepted Answer

High temperature or extreme pH

Question 17

Which nucleic acid contains the sugar deoxyribose and stores genetic information?

Accepted Answer

DNA

Question 18

In DNA, which nitrogenous base pairs with cytosine?

Accepted Answer

Guanine

Question 19

What is the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule, often producing a high-energy bond?

Accepted Answer

Phosphorylation

Question 20

Which high-energy compound is most commonly used by cells for energy transfer?

Accepted Answer

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

The Chemical Level of Organization: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

Study Guide - Practice Questions