Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for steroid hormones such as cortisol?

Accepted Answer

They bind to intracellular receptors and directly regulate gene transcription.

Question 2

A patient presents with excessive thirst, large urine output, and low blood pressure following a head injury. Which hormone deficiency is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a hormone interaction known as 'antagonism'?

Accepted Answer

Insulin lowers blood glucose while glucagon raises it.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why a goiter may develop in a patient with iodine deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Low iodine decreases thyroid hormone production, increasing TSH and stimulating thyroid growth.

Question 5

A patient with Cushing’s syndrome is likely to exhibit which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

High blood glucose and high blood pressure

Question 6

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

PTH increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclast activity and enhancing intestinal absorption.

Question 8

A patient with untreated diabetes mellitus is likely to experience which of the following metabolic consequences?

Accepted Answer

Increased use of fats for energy, leading to ketoacidosis

Question 9

Which of the following hormones is released in response to low blood calcium and acts on bone, kidney, and intestine?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the regulation of growth hormone (GH) secretion?

Accepted Answer

GH secretion is stimulated by growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH) and inhibited by somatostatin (GHIH).

Question 11

A patient with hyperparathyroidism is at increased risk for which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Kidney stones and bone fractures

Question 12

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the 'fight-or-flight' response and is secreted by the adrenal medulla?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 13

Which of the following is a direct effect of insulin on target cells?

Accepted Answer

Enhances glucose uptake by muscle and fat cells

Question 14

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and helps regulate circadian rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 15

A patient with Addison’s disease is likely to present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Weight loss, dehydration, and low blood pressure

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why aldosterone secretion increases during dehydration?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration triggers the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, increasing aldosterone to conserve sodium and water.

Question 17

Which of the following is a consequence of hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) in adults?

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 18

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and is involved in uterine contractions and milk ejection?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of thyroid hormone (TH) on metabolism?

Accepted Answer

TH increases basal metabolic rate and is critical for normal growth and development.

Question 20

A patient is given a drug that blocks the action of ACTH. Which of the following would most likely occur?

Accepted Answer

Decreased secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex

The Endocrine System: Hormonal Regulation and Glandular Function

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