Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between steroid and protein (peptide) hormones in terms of their mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones pass through the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors, while protein hormones bind to membrane-bound receptors and activate second messengers.

Question 2

A patient presents with swelling of the neck due to an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) and symptoms of hypothyroidism. Which dietary deficiency is most likely responsible for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Iodine

Question 3

Which hormone is secreted in response to low blood calcium levels, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone; increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback mechanism in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

High blood glucose stimulates insulin release, which lowers blood glucose and inhibits further insulin secretion

Question 5

A patient with a pituitary tumor is found to have elevated ACTH and symptoms of Cushing’s disease. Which hormone is most likely hypersecreted as a result, and what is a likely symptom?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol; muscle wasting and immune suppression

Question 6

Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary and is responsible for water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones require carrier proteins in the blood?

Accepted Answer

They are lipid-soluble and do not dissolve well in plasma

Question 8

Amino acid-based hormones typically exert their effects through which of the following mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

Binding to cell surface receptors and activating second messenger systems such as $$cAMP$$

Question 9

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and is involved in regulating circadian rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 10

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of hormone antagonism?

Accepted Answer

Insulin and glucagon have opposite effects on blood glucose levels

Question 11

Which hormone is released from the anterior pituitary and stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 12

A patient with Type I diabetes mellitus is unable to produce which hormone, and what is the primary consequence?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; persistent hyperglycemia

Question 13

Which hormone is secreted in response to high blood glucose and promotes cellular uptake of glucose?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 14

Which of the following is a tropic hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 15

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the permissive effect of hormones?

Accepted Answer

One hormone allows another hormone to exert its full effect

Question 17

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and directly stimulates growth and protein synthesis in tissues?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 18

A patient is found to have high levels of TSH but low levels of thyroid hormone. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

The patient has a dietary iodine deficiency preventing thyroid hormone synthesis

Question 19

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH and is associated with long-term stress?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 20

Which hormone is secreted by the pancreas in response to low blood glucose and stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Hormonal Regulation

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