Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between the endocrine and nervous systems in terms of how they communicate with target cells?

Accepted Answer

The endocrine system releases hormones into the blood, which travel to distant target cells, while the nervous system releases neurotransmitters directly onto target cells.

Question 2

A patient presents with high blood pressure, low potassium levels, and metabolic alkalosis. Which hormone is most likely being hypersecreted?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 4

A hydrophilic hormone binds to its receptor on the plasma membrane of a target cell. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events for the cAMP second messenger system?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds receptor → G-protein activated → Adenylate cyclase activated → cAMP produced → Protein kinase A activated

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones generally have longer half-lives in the blood than peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones are bound to plasma proteins, which protects them from degradation.

Question 6

A patient with Graves disease is likely to present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Weight loss, heat intolerance, and tachycardia

Question 7

Which hormone is secreted in response to high blood glucose levels and promotes the uptake and storage of glucose by target cells?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct example of a negative feedback loop in endocrine regulation?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood glucose stimulates insulin release, which lowers blood glucose and reduces further insulin secretion.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

PTH increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts, increasing intestinal absorption, and increasing renal reabsorption.

Question 10

A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus is at risk for which of the following complications if insulin is not administered?

Accepted Answer

Ketoacidosis and dehydration

Question 11

Which hormone is produced by the heart and acts to decrease blood pressure by promoting vasodilation and natriuresis?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They diffuse into target cells, bind to intracellular receptors, and alter gene transcription.

Question 13

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 14

A patient with a pituitary tumor secreting excess growth hormone after epiphyseal plate closure will most likely develop which condition?

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of leptin secreted by adipose tissue?

Accepted Answer

Induces satiety and decreases food intake

Question 16

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the development of male secondary sex characteristics and is produced mainly in the testes?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

ADH increases water reabsorption by inserting aquaporins into the collecting ducts.

Question 18

Which of the following is a direct effect of cortisol during the stress response?

Accepted Answer

Increased gluconeogenesis and release of fatty acids

Question 19

Which hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands and acts to increase blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

Accepted Answer

It carries releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus directly to the anterior pituitary.

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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