Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between the mechanisms of action for water-soluble and lipid-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

Water-soluble hormones act on plasma membrane receptors and use second messengers, while lipid-soluble hormones act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes.

Question 2

A patient presents with excessive thirst and large volumes of dilute urine. Laboratory tests reveal low levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes insipidus

Question 3

Which hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the cAMP second messenger system for water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds receptor → G protein activated → Adenylate cyclase activated → ATP converted to cAMP → Protein kinases activated

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones generally have a longer half-life in the blood than peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones are bound to plasma proteins, which protects them from rapid degradation.

Question 6

A patient has a tumor causing hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) after the epiphyseal plates have closed. What condition will most likely develop?

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a humoral stimulus for hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Low blood calcium levels stimulate the parathyroid glands to release parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Question 8

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating milk production in the mammary glands?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin (PRL)

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'permissiveness' in hormone interactions?

Accepted Answer

One hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present.

Question 10

Which of the following hormones is NOT a tropic hormone?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 11

Amino acid-based hormones (except thyroid hormone) are generally:

Accepted Answer

Water-soluble and act on plasma membrane receptors.

Question 12

Which of the following is a direct effect of growth hormone (GH) on metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Mobilizes fats and increases blood glucose by decreasing glucose uptake

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the process by which steroid hormones influence target cells?

Accepted Answer

They diffuse through the plasma membrane, bind to intracellular receptors, and directly activate gene transcription.

Question 14

Which of the following would most likely result from persistent high levels of a hormone in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Down-regulation of receptors on target cells

Question 15

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary in response to high blood osmolarity and acts on the kidneys to promote water reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct example of a neural stimulus for hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic nerve fibers stimulate the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine.

Question 17

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating gamete (egg or sperm) production?

Accepted Answer

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the negative feedback regulation of thyroid hormone secretion?

Accepted Answer

High levels of thyroid hormone inhibit the release of TRH and TSH.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a function of hormones?

Accepted Answer

Initiating action potentials in neurons

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Mechanisms

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