Q: Which of the following is a correct sequence for the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis?

$$\text{Hypothalamus} \rightarrow \text{TRH} \rightarrow \text{Anterior pituitary} \rightarrow \text{TSH} \rightarrow \text{Thyroid gland} \rightarrow \text{Thyroid hormones}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands release nonhormonal substances through ducts to a surface.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of high blood pressure, edema, and muscle weakness. Laboratory tests reveal excessive aldosterone secretion. Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Aldosteronism

Question 3

Which hormone is secreted in response to low blood calcium levels, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Hypothalamus} ightarrow 	ext{TRH} ightarrow 	ext{Anterior pituitary} ightarrow 	ext{TSH} ightarrow 	ext{Thyroid gland} ightarrow 	ext{Thyroid hormones}$$

Question 5

A patient with untreated Type 1 diabetes mellitus is most likely to experience which of the following metabolic disturbances?

Accepted Answer

Hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis

Question 6

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary in response to high blood osmolarity, and what is its main action?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); increases water reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones generally have a longer half-life in the blood than peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones are transported bound to plasma proteins, making them less susceptible to degradation.

Question 8

A patient with Graves’ disease is likely to present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

High metabolic rate, weight loss, and exophthalmos

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct description of the mechanism of action for water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to plasma membrane receptors and typically activate second-messenger systems.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a humoral stimulus for hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Low blood calcium levels stimulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) release

Question 11

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources during stress?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 12

A patient with a pituitary tumor secreting excess growth hormone (GH) after epiphyseal plate closure will most likely develop:

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the effect of up-regulation of hormone receptors?

Accepted Answer

Target cells increase the number of receptors in response to low hormone levels.

Question 14

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla and what is its primary effect during the fight-or-flight response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine; increases heart rate and blood pressure

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct example of hormone antagonism?

Accepted Answer

Insulin and glucagon regulating blood glucose levels

Question 16

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating milk production in the mammary glands?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin

Question 17

A patient with hyposecretion of thyroid hormone during infancy is at risk for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Intellectual disability and growth retardation

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the permissive effect of hormones?

Accepted Answer

One hormone cannot exert its full effect without another hormone being present.

Question 19

Which hormone is secreted by pancreatic alpha cells and what is its main effect?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown

Question 20

Which of the following is a likely consequence of hyperparathyroidism?

Accepted Answer

High blood calcium and bone demineralization

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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