Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference in the mechanism of signal transmission between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system uses action potentials and neurotransmitters for rapid, short-lived responses, while the endocrine system uses hormones for slower, longer-lasting effects.

Question 2

A hormone is released into the bloodstream and affects distant target cells throughout the body. This is an example of which type of signaling?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine

Question 3

Which of the following is a correct pairing of hormone and its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – reduces urine output

Question 4

Steroid hormones differ from amino acid-based hormones in that steroid hormones:

Accepted Answer

Require transport proteins in the blood and bind to intracellular receptors

Question 5

Which hormone is NOT released by the anterior pituitary gland?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 6

A patient has a tumor that causes excess secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which of the following symptoms would you most likely expect?

Accepted Answer

Decreased urine output and water retention

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones require transport proteins in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Transport proteins stabilize steroid hormones, which are not chemically soluble in blood.

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the cAMP second messenger system?

Accepted Answer

Hormone → GPCR → Adenylate cyclase → cAMP → Protein kinase

Question 9

A researcher finds that a hormone binds to a receptor inside the cell and directly influences gene expression. This hormone is most likely:

Accepted Answer

Steroid-based and lipid-soluble

Question 10

Which hormone is derived from tryptophan and helps regulate circadian rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the amplification effect in second messenger systems?

Accepted Answer

One hormone molecule can activate many G proteins, each of which can activate many enzymes, resulting in a large cellular response.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system is correct?

Accepted Answer

It carries tropic hormones directly from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

Question 13

Which hormone is released by the posterior pituitary and acts on the uterus and breasts?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 14

Which of the following is a tropic hormone released by the anterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 15

Amino acid-based hormones typically:

Accepted Answer

Bind to membrane-bound receptors and activate second messenger systems.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why hormones can have different effects on different target tissues?

Accepted Answer

Different tissues have different types of hormone receptors and intracellular signaling pathways.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a function of hormones?

Accepted Answer

Initiation of voluntary muscle contraction

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of cAMP in hormone signaling?

Accepted Answer

cAMP acts as a second messenger, activating protein kinases that phosphorylate target proteins.

Question 19

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland via neural and hormonal signals.

Question 20

Which of the following hormones is released in response to stress and increases blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Major Hormones

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