Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between the nervous and endocrine systems in terms of their signaling molecules and response times?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system uses neurotransmitters for rapid, brief responses, while the endocrine system uses hormones for slower, longer-lasting effects.

Question 2

A patient presents with weight loss, rapid heart rate, and exophthalmos. Laboratory tests reveal elevated T3 and T4 levels. Which disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Grave's disease

Question 3

Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary and is responsible for increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct example of a paracrine signal?

Accepted Answer

Histamine released by a tissue cell acting on neighboring cells

Question 5

A patient with Addison disease is likely to experience which of the following symptoms due to hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones?

Accepted Answer

Disrupted fluid and electrolyte balance

Question 6

Which hormone is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; raises blood glucose

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why lipid-soluble hormones require transport proteins in the blood?

Accepted Answer

They are non-polar and do not dissolve well in plasma.

Question 8

Which hormone is released in response to stretching of the cervix during childbirth and operates via a positive feedback mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 9

A patient with a pituitary tumor is found to have elevated ACTH and cortisol levels, moon facies, and a buffalo hump. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Cushing's syndrome

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Accepted Answer

Increase blood calcium by stimulating osteoclast activity

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to receptors on the plasma membrane and activate second messenger systems.

Question 12

A child presents with short stature, a thick tongue, and mental retardation. Laboratory tests reveal low T3 and T4. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Cretinism (congenital hypothyroidism)

Question 13

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the development of female reproductive organs and regulating the menstrual cycle?

Accepted Answer

Estrogen

Question 14

Which of the following is a direct effect of insulin on its target cells?

Accepted Answer

Promote uptake of glucose, amino acids, and lipids

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of the pineal gland?

Accepted Answer

Secretes melatonin to regulate circadian rhythms

Question 16

Which of the following is a multi-step effect of glucagon during fasting?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and ketone body formation

Question 17

Which of the following is a tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 18

A patient with diabetes insipidus is most likely to have a deficiency in which hormone, and what is a classic symptom?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); excessive thirst and dehydration

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the permissive effect of hormones?

Accepted Answer

One hormone must be present for another hormone to exert its full effect.

Question 20

Which of the following is a likely consequence of untreated type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Ketoacidosis due to increased ketone body formation

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Disorders

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