Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Exocrine glands release non-hormonal products into ducts, while endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood or lymph.

Question 2

Amino acid-based hormones typically exert their effects through which mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Binding to cell surface receptors and activating a second messenger system such as $$cAMP.$$

Question 3

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption, kidney reabsorption, and intestinal absorption.

Question 4

A patient presents with excessive thirst, frequent urination, and high blood glucose levels. Which endocrine disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes mellitus

Question 5

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the hormonal control of the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus releases TRH → Anterior pituitary releases TSH → Thyroid gland releases thyroid hormone

Question 6

Which hormone is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, and what is its main function?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones can directly affect gene expression?

Accepted Answer

They are lipid-soluble and can diffuse through the plasma membrane to bind intracellular receptors.

Question 8

A patient with hypersecretion of growth hormone after epiphyseal plate closure will most likely develop which condition?

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of insulin?

Accepted Answer

Promotes glucose uptake by cells and inhibits glycogen breakdown

Question 10

Which hormone is released by the posterior pituitary and is responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 11

A patient is experiencing symptoms of weight loss, rapid heartbeat, and sweating. Laboratory tests reveal elevated thyroid hormone levels. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Graves' disease

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a neural and endocrine organ, controlling the pituitary gland and releasing regulatory hormones.

Question 13

Which hormone is released in response to short-term stress and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine; increases heart rate and blood glucose

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a typical effect of glucocorticoids?

Accepted Answer

Decrease in blood pressure

Question 15

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the development of T lymphocytes and where is it produced?

Accepted Answer

Thymosin; thymus

Question 16

A patient with Addison’s disease is likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Weight loss, dehydration, and hypotension

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the feedback mechanism controlling most hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback, where rising hormone levels inhibit further release

Question 18

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin; regulates sleep-wake cycles

Question 19

Which of the following is a tropic hormone produced by the anterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 20

Which process is stimulated by glucagon in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Disorders

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