Question 1

Which hormone is primarily responsible for setting the circadian rhythm and promoting sleep, and what is its main site of production?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin; pineal gland

Question 2

A patient presents with an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) and symptoms of low metabolic rate and lethargy. Which deficiency is most likely responsible for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Iodine deficiency

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the role of calcitonin in calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It decreases blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts and increasing calcium excretion in urine.

Question 4

Which hormone is secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; increases sodium retention and water reabsorption

Question 5

A patient with Graves’ disease is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms due to hypersecretion of thyroid hormone?

Accepted Answer

Exophthalmos and increased sweating

Question 6

Which process is directly dependent on dietary iodine for proper endocrine function?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 7

Which hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands and what is its effect on blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases blood calcium

Question 8

A person with type 2 diabetes mellitus is most likely to have which of the following underlying problems?

Accepted Answer

Insulin resistance in target cells

Question 9

Which of the following correctly matches the hormone with its source and primary function?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; alpha cells of pancreas; increases blood glucose

Question 10

Which of the following is a direct effect of thyroid hormone (T3/T4) on the body?

Accepted Answer

Increased metabolic rate and heat production

Question 11

A patient is found to have high blood calcium levels. Which hormone is likely to be secreted in response, and what is its effect on bone?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin; stimulates osteoblasts

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why a lack of dietary iodine can lead to goiter formation?

Accepted Answer

Without iodine, the thyroid cannot produce T3 and T4, leading to increased TSH stimulation and gland enlargement.

Question 13

Which hormone is produced by the corpus luteum and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Progesterone; sustains pregnancy and prepares mammary glands for lactation

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the regulation of thyroid hormone secretion?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus → TRH → Anterior pituitary → TSH → Thyroid gland → T3/T4

Question 15

A patient is prescribed long-term glucocorticoid therapy. Which of the following is a potential side effect due to the hormone’s action?

Accepted Answer

Immune suppression and increased risk of infection

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine: hormone secretion into blood; Exocrine: enzyme secretion into ducts

Question 17

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla and what is its primary effect during the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine; increases heart rate and blood glucose

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of androgens produced by the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Set libido throughout life

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why patients with untreated diabetes mellitus experience polyuria (excessive urination)?

Accepted Answer

High blood glucose leads to osmotic diuresis, drawing water into urine

Question 20

Which of the following correctly matches the hormone with its effect on target tissue?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; stimulates cells to absorb glucose and synthesize glycogen

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Clinical Relevance

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