Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth?

Accepted Answer

By mobilizing Ca$$^{2+}$$ through a PIP$$_2-Ca$^{2+}$$ second-messenger system

Question 2

A patient presents with excessive thirst, large volumes of dilute urine, and a history of head trauma. Which hormone imbalance is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 3

Which of the following steps in thyroid hormone synthesis involves the active transport of iodide into the follicular cell?

Accepted Answer

Step 2: Iodide trapping

Question 4

Which hormone is produced by the parafollicular (C) cells of the thyroid gland and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin; inhibits osteoclast activity and lowers blood Ca$$^{2+}$$

Question 5

A patient with Graves’ disease is likely to exhibit which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Low TSH, high T$$_3/T$_4$$

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why removal of the thyroid gland does not significantly affect Ca$$^{2+}$$ homeostasis in adults?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the primary regulator of Ca$$^{2+}$$ homeostasis

Question 7

A tumor in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex would most likely result in which of the following clinical findings?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension and hypokalemia

Question 8

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the long-term stress response that includes increased blood glucose and suppression of the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 9

A patient with Addison’s disease is likely to present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Weight loss, dehydration, and hypotension

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the effect of insulin on target cells?

Accepted Answer

Enhances glucose uptake and inhibits gluconeogenesis

Question 11

A patient with a pancreatic tumor that destroys beta cells would most likely develop which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes mellitus

Question 12

Which hormone is secreted by the heart and acts to decrease blood pressure by inhibiting aldosterone secretion?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 13

Which of the following is a direct effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Increases Ca$$^{2+}$$ reabsorption and promotes activation of vitamin D

Question 14

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the release of HCl in the stomach?

Accepted Answer

Gastrin

Question 15

A patient with hyperparathyroidism is at increased risk for which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Kidney stones and bone demineralization

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why older women are more vulnerable to osteoporosis?

Accepted Answer

Lack of estrogen enhances the bone-demineralizing effects of PTH

Question 17

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and is involved in regulating circadian rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of glucagon?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver

Question 19

Which hormone is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone

Question 20

Which hormone produced by the kidneys signals the production of red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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