Q: Which of the following is a correct sequence for the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis?

$$\text{TRH} \rightarrow \text{TSH} \rightarrow \text{Thyroid Hormone}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands release their products onto epithelial surfaces via ducts.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of high blood glucose, increased thirst, and frequent urination. Which hormone is most likely deficient or inactive in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is synthesized from cholesterol and acts on intracellular receptors to directly activate gene transcription?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 4

A person is exposed to chronic stress, resulting in elevated ACTH and cortisol levels. Which of the following is a likely metabolic effect?

Accepted Answer

Increased gluconeogenesis, leading to higher blood glucose

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why only certain cells respond to a specific hormone?

Accepted Answer

Only those cells have the specific receptor for that hormone.

Question 6

A patient with a tumor in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex is likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension and edema due to excessive sodium retention

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a humoral stimulus for hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Low blood calcium stimulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) release

Question 8

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating milk production in the mammary glands?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin

Question 9

A patient with Graves’ disease is likely to have which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Low TSH, high T3/T4

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to plasma membrane receptors and activate second messenger systems such as cAMP.

Question 11

Which hormone is released in response to increased plasma osmolality and acts to conserve body water?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 12

A patient with hypoparathyroidism after thyroid surgery is at risk for which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Tetany and respiratory paralysis due to hypocalcemia

Question 13

Which hormone is secreted by the heart and acts to lower blood pressure by inhibiting aldosterone release?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{TRH} ightarrow 	ext{TSH} ightarrow 	ext{Thyroid Hormone}$$

Question 15

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating osteoclast activity and increasing blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 16

A patient with Cushing’s syndrome is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Muscle wasting, immune suppression, and high blood glucose

Question 17

Which hormone is released from the adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic nervous system stimulation?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of up-regulation of hormone receptors?

Accepted Answer

Target cells increase the number of receptors in response to low hormone levels.

Question 19

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the development of secondary male sex characteristics?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone

Question 20

Which of the following is a direct effect of growth hormone (GH) on metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Increased fat breakdown and release of fatty acids

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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