Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands release their products onto epithelial surfaces via ducts.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of high blood glucose, increased thirst, and frequent urination. Which hormone is most likely deficient or inactive in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is synthesized from cholesterol and acts on intracellular receptors to directly activate gene transcription?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 4

A person is exposed to chronic high levels of a hormone. Over time, the target cells decrease the number of receptors for this hormone. This process is known as:

Accepted Answer

Down-regulation

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones generally have longer-lasting effects than water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones bind to plasma proteins, which prolongs their half-life in the circulation.

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of a humoral stimulus for hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Low blood calcium levels stimulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) release

Question 7

A patient with a tumor in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex is likely to have abnormal secretion of which hormone, and what is a likely symptom?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; hypertension

Question 8

Which hormone is released in response to neural stimuli and is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 9

A patient with Graves’ disease is likely to have which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Low TSH, high thyroid hormone (TH)

Question 10

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to plasma membrane receptors and activate second messenger systems such as cAMP.

Question 12

A patient with Addison’s disease is likely to experience which of the following symptoms due to hormone deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Hypotension and hypoglycemia

Question 13

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 14

Which hormone is primarily responsible for lowering blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin

Question 15

A patient with a deficiency in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) will most likely present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

High urine output and excessive thirst

Question 16

Which hormone is released from the pancreas in response to low blood glucose and acts primarily on the liver to increase blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct example of hormonal stimuli?

Accepted Answer

TSH from the anterior pituitary stimulating the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone

Question 18

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating milk production in the mammary glands?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin

Question 19

Which hormone is secreted by the kidneys and stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the concept of target cell specificity?

Accepted Answer

A hormone only affects cells that have specific receptors for that hormone.

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Hormonal Regulation

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