Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones into the blood, while exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts that empty onto surfaces or into cavities.

Question 2

A patient presents with excessive thirst and urination. Laboratory tests reveal low levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which condition is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes insipidus

Question 3

Which hormone is responsible for increasing blood calcium levels by stimulating the breakdown of bone?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct description of the mechanism of action for steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to receptors within the target cell nucleus and influence gene expression by acting on DNA.

Question 5

A patient with Graves disease is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Protruding eyes (exophthalmos) and increased metabolic rate

Question 6

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 7

Which of the following best explains the negative feedback loop involving insulin and blood glucose regulation?

Accepted Answer

High blood glucose stimulates insulin secretion, which lowers blood glucose to restore homeostasis.

Question 8

A child with hyposecretion of growth hormone (GH) during development is most likely to present with which condition?

Accepted Answer

Pituitary dwarfism

Question 9

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the development of female secondary sexual characteristics and the menstrual cycle?

Accepted Answer

Estrogen

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of glucocorticoids such as cortisol?

Accepted Answer

Increase blood glucose by stimulating gluconeogenesis

Question 11

A patient with Cushing syndrome is likely to have which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

High blood glucocorticoid concentration

Question 12

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and helps regulate the body’s internal clock?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the action of nonsteroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to receptors on the cell membrane and activate second messengers such as cAMP.

Question 14

Which hormone is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets and lowers blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 15

A patient with a painless enlargement of the thyroid gland due to dietary iodine deficiency is most likely to have which condition?

Accepted Answer

Goiter

Question 16

Which hormone is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 17

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during breastfeeding?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 18

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is involved in the 'fight-or-flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 19

Which hormone is secreted by fat-storing cells and helps regulate appetite?

Accepted Answer

Leptin

Question 20

A patient with hyposecretion of insulin or insensitivity of target cells to insulin will most likely develop which condition?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes mellitus

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Clinical Correlations

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