Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of thyroid hormone (TH) in the body?

Accepted Answer

Increase in basal metabolic rate and heat production

Question 2

A patient presents with low metabolic rate, puffy eyes, and an enlarged thyroid gland. Laboratory tests reveal low levels of T4 and high levels of TSH. What is the most likely cause of these findings?

Accepted Answer

Iodine deficiency leading to goiter formation

Question 3

Which of the following steps in thyroid hormone synthesis is directly dependent on the presence of iodine?

Accepted Answer

Attachment of iodine to tyrosine residues

Question 4

A patient with Graves’ disease is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Exophthalmos and rapid, irregular heartbeat

Question 5

Which hormone is secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland, and what is its primary effect at high doses?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin; inhibits osteoclast activity

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why hypoparathyroidism can lead to tetany and respiratory paralysis?

Accepted Answer

Low blood calcium impairs normal muscle contraction

Question 7

Aldosterone secretion is primarily regulated by which mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Question 8

Which of the following is a direct effect of cortisol during the stress response?

Accepted Answer

Increased gluconeogenesis in the liver

Question 9

A patient with Cushing’s syndrome is likely to present with which of the following clinical features?

Accepted Answer

Buffalo hump and moon face

Question 10

Which hormone is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, and what is its main function?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; increases sodium reabsorption

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of insulin in glucose metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Enhances glucose uptake by muscle and fat cells

Question 12

A patient with untreated type 1 diabetes mellitus is at risk for developing which of the following complications due to increased fat metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Ketoacidosis

Question 13

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and is involved in regulating circadian rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 14

Which of the following hormones is released in response to low blood calcium levels and acts to increase blood calcium?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 15

A patient with an adrenal medullary tumor (pheochromocytoma) is most likely to present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Hyperglycemia and hypertension

Question 16

Which hormone is produced by the heart and acts to decrease blood pressure by inhibiting sodium reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why patients with Addison’s disease often develop hyperpigmentation of the skin?

Accepted Answer

High levels of ACTH stimulate melanocytes

Question 18

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of TSH from the anterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of osteocalcin secreted by bone?

Accepted Answer

Enhances insulin secretion and improves glucose handling

Question 20

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics in males?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Clinical Significance

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