Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles during ventricular contraction?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the atrioventricular (AV) valves from inverting into the atria, ensuring one-way blood flow.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with a myocardial infarction (MI) due to a blockage in the left coronary artery near its origin. Which of the following is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Widespread damage to the left ventricle and possible cessation of heart function.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents cardiac output (CO)?

Accepted Answer

$CO = HR 	imes SV$

Question 4

During which phase of the cardiac cycle are all heart valves closed and the ventricles are relaxing?

Accepted Answer

Isovolumetric relaxation

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricular wall is thicker than the right ventricular wall?

Accepted Answer

The left ventricle pumps blood at higher pressure to the systemic circuit.

Question 6

A patient presents with a heart murmur. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Regurgitation of blood through a faulty heart valve

Question 7

Which of the following is a direct effect of sympathetic stimulation on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and increased contractility

Question 8

Which structure is responsible for initiating the electrical impulse that determines the heart’s rhythm?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 9

What is the primary function of the coronary arteries?

Accepted Answer

To supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the Frank–Starling principle?

Accepted Answer

As end-diastolic volume (EDV) increases, stroke volume increases

Question 11

Which of the following is the correct formula for stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

$SV = EDV - ESV$

Question 12

A patient with atherosclerotic plaque in a coronary artery is at increased risk for which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Myocardial infarction

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

They allow rapid transmission of action potentials and mechanical connection between cells.

Question 14

Which event occurs during the QRS complex of an ECG?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular depolarization

Question 15

Which of the following would most likely increase end-diastolic volume (EDV)?

Accepted Answer

Increased venous return during exercise

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why cardiac muscle cannot undergo tetany?

Accepted Answer

The long refractory period prevents summation of contractions.

Question 17

Which of the following is a likely effect of blocking calcium channels in cardiac muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

Decreased force of contraction

Question 18

A patient has a heart rate of 80 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat. What is their cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$CO = 80 	imes 70 = 5600\ 	ext{mL/min}$

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the Bainbridge reflex?

Accepted Answer

An increase in heart rate in response to increased venous return

Question 20

Which of the following is a direct result of the closure of the semilunar valves?

Accepted Answer

Prevention of backflow of blood into the ventricles during diastole

The Heart: Anatomy, Physiology, and Cardiac Function

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