Q: A patient has a heart rate of 80 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL. What is their cardiac output ($$CO) in $$liters per minute?

$$CO = 80 \times 70 = 5600 mL/$$min = 5.6 L/min

Q: A patient with bradycardia has a heart rate of 50 beats per minute. If their stroke volume is 80 mL, what is their cardiac output ($$CO) in $$liters per minute?

$$CO = 50 \times 80 = 4000 mL/$$min = 4.0 L/min

Question 1

Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for pumping blood and is composed primarily of cardiac muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 2

A patient presents with fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity. Which of the following best describes the immediate effect this would have on heart function?

Accepted Answer

It restricts the heart's ability to expand and fill with blood.

Question 3

Which of the following correctly traces the path of blood through the heart, starting from the systemic veins?

Accepted Answer

Venae cavae → Right atrium → Tricuspid valve → Right ventricle → Pulmonary valve → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs

Question 4

Which heart valve prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular contraction?

Accepted Answer

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Question 5

A patient has a heart murmur due to a leaky tricuspid valve. During which phase of the cardiac cycle would you expect to hear the abnormal sound most prominently?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular systole

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the function of the chordae tendineae?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the atrioventricular valves from inverting during ventricular contraction.

Question 7

If the left coronary artery is blocked, which area of the heart is most likely to be affected first?

Accepted Answer

Left ventricle

Question 8

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = SV 	imes HR$$

Question 9

A patient has a heart rate of 80 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL. What is their cardiac output ($$CO) in $$liters per minute?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 80 	imes 70 = 5600 mL/$$min = 5.6 L/min

Question 10

Which event on an electrocardiogram (ECG) corresponds to ventricular depolarization?

Accepted Answer

QRS complex

Question 11

During which phase of the cardiac cycle are the atrioventricular (AV) valves open and the semilunar valves closed?

Accepted Answer

Atrial systole

Question 12

Which structure is known as the pacemaker of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 13

A patient with bradycardia has a heart rate of 50 beats per minute. If their stroke volume is 80 mL, what is their cardiac output ($$CO) in $$liters per minute?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 50 	imes 80 = 4000 mL/$$min = 4.0 L/min

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricular wall is thicker than the right ventricular wall?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood to the entire systemic circuit.

Question 15

Which heart sound is associated with the closing of the semilunar valves?

Accepted Answer

Dubb (S2)

Question 16

If a patient has an end-diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 mL and an end-systolic volume (ESV) of 50 mL, what is their stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = 120 - 50 = 70 mL$$

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the coronary arteries?

Accepted Answer

They supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium.

Question 18

Which of the following equations correctly relates blood pressure ($$BP$$), cardiac output ($$CO$$), and peripheral resistance ($$PR$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$BP = CO 	imes PR$$

Question 19

A blockage in the pulmonary artery would directly affect which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs

The Heart: Structure and Function – Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes

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