Q: If a patient’s heart rate is 80 beats per minute and their stroke volume is 70 mL per beat, what is their cardiac output?

$$CO = 80 \times 70 = 5600 mL/$$min

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the anatomical location of the heart within the thoracic cavity?

Accepted Answer

It is located in the mediastinum, with two-thirds of its mass to the left of the body midline and one-third to the right.

Question 2

What is the primary function of the atria in the heart?

Accepted Answer

To receive blood returning to the heart from the body and lungs.

Question 3

Which structure is responsible for preventing friction between the two layers of the pericardium during heartbeats?

Accepted Answer

Pericardial fluid

Question 4

A patient presents with chest pain and is diagnosed with pericarditis. Which of the following best explains the potential complication known as cardiac tamponade?

Accepted Answer

Compression of the heart due to fluid accumulation between the visceral and parietal pericardium

Question 5

Which of the following heart valves is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?

Accepted Answer

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Question 6

A patient with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is most likely to experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Backflow of blood into the left atrium during ventricular contraction

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the sequence of blood flow through the heart and lungs?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary artery → lungs → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta

Question 8

Which of the following conditions is most likely to result from a blockage in a coronary artery?

Accepted Answer

Myocardial infarction (heart attack)

Question 9

A patient with atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries is at increased risk for which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Angina pectoris

Question 10

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between cardiac output (CO), heart rate (HR), and stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 11

If a patient’s heart rate is 80 beats per minute and their stroke volume is 70 mL per beat, what is their cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 80 	imes 70 = 5600 mL/$$min

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

Accepted Answer

It acts as the pacemaker, initiating electrical impulses for heart contraction.

Question 13

Which wave of a normal ECG is associated with ventricular depolarization?

Accepted Answer

QRS complex

Question 14

A patient is found to have a heart rate of 45 beats per minute. Which term best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

Bradycardia

Question 15

Which of the following is a life-threatening condition that results from the heart’s inability to pump blood effectively due to uncoordinated ventricular contractions?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular fibrillation

Question 16

Which of the following procedures is used to restore normal heart rhythm during fibrillation by applying an electric shock?

Accepted Answer

Defibrillation

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why there is a brief period at the beginning of ventricular contraction where there is no change in ventricular volume?

Accepted Answer

It takes time for ventricular pressure to exceed the pressure needed to open the semilunar valves.

Question 18

Which of the following is a common treatment for severe coronary artery blockage that involves using vessels from other parts of the body to bypass the blockage?

Accepted Answer

Coronary bypass surgery

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary circulation carries blood between the heart and lungs; systemic circulation carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

The Heart: Structure, Function, and Disease

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