The Human Body: An Orientation – Foundations of Anatomy & Physiology

The Human Body: An Orientation

Introduction to Anatomical Terminology

Learning and understanding anatomical terminology is essential for effective communication among health science professionals. Mastery of this language allows for precise description and discussion of body structures and functions.

Form and Function of Anatomy and Physiology

Definitions and Scope

• Anatomy: The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

• Physiology: The study of the function of body parts; specifically, how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities.

Both disciplines are closely linked, as understanding structure aids in understanding function, and vice versa.

Divisions of Anatomy

Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy

Gross anatomy involves the study of large, visible structures of the body.

• Regional Anatomy: Examines all structures in a particular area of the body (e.g., the abdomen or leg).

• Systemic Anatomy: Focuses on one organ system at a time (e.g., cardiovascular, nervous, muscular systems).

• Surface Anatomy: Studies internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin (e.g., visible muscle masses or veins).

Microscopic Anatomy

Microscopic anatomy deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye.

• Cytology: The study of cells.

• Histology: The study of tissues.

Developmental Anatomy

Developmental anatomy studies anatomical and physiological development throughout life.

• Embryology: The study of developmental changes before birth.

To study anatomy effectively, one must be familiar with anatomical terminology and be able to observe, manipulate, palpate, and auscultate body structures.

Divisions of Physiology

Organ System-Based Physiology

Physiology is often divided based on organ systems (e.g., renal physiology, cardiovascular physiology). It frequently focuses on cellular and molecular levels, examining how the body's abilities depend on chemical reactions within individual cells.

• Understanding physiology requires knowledge of basic physical principles (such as electrical currents, pressure, and movement) and basic chemical principles.

Complementarity of Structure and Function

Principle of Complementarity

Anatomy and physiology are inseparable. The function of a body part always reflects its structure, and what a structure can do depends on its specific form. This is known as the principle of complementarity of structure and function.

• Example: The sharp edges of incisors (structure) make them ideal for cutting food (function), while the flat surfaces of molars (structure) make them ideal for grinding food (function).