Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity is nonspecific and provides immediate defense, while adaptive immunity is specific, has memory, and takes longer to respond.

Question 2

A patient receives a flu vaccine. Which type of immunity is being established?

Accepted Answer

Artificially acquired active immunity

Question 3

Which of the following cells is primarily responsible for phagocytosis of pathogens that breach epithelial barriers?

Accepted Answer

Macrophages

Question 4

What is the main benefit of a moderate fever during an infection?

Accepted Answer

It causes the liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc, and increases metabolic rate to speed up repair.

Question 5

Which antibody class is the first to be released during a primary immune response and is a potent agglutinating agent?

Accepted Answer

IgM

Question 6

A newborn receives antibodies from its mother through breast milk. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of acute inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Numbness

Question 8

Which immune cell type is responsible for directly attacking and killing virus-infected cells?

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic T cells

Question 9

What is the main function of interferons in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

They induce neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins and activate macrophages and NK cells.

Question 10

Which antibody class can cross the placental barrier to provide passive immunity to the fetus?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 11

A patient receives an organ transplant from a genetically non-identical member of the same species. What type of graft is this?

Accepted Answer

Allograft

Question 12

Which process describes the coating of a pathogen by antibodies to enhance phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Opsonization

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why autoimmune diseases occur?

Accepted Answer

The immune system fails to recognize self-antigens and attacks the body's own tissues.

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of helper T cells (CD4+)?

Accepted Answer

Activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells

Question 15

Which of the following is a result of complement activation?

Accepted Answer

Cell lysis via membrane attack complex formation

Question 16

A patient with HIV is most likely to have a deficiency in which immune cell type?

Accepted Answer

Helper T cells

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of clonal selection in humoral immunity?

Accepted Answer

B cells are activated by antigens, proliferate, and differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells.

Question 18

Which of the following is a characteristic of the secondary immune response compared to the primary immune response?

Accepted Answer

It is faster and produces more antibodies with greater affinity.

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of regulatory T cells (TREG)?

Accepted Answer

Suppress the immune response to prevent autoimmunity

Question 20

A patient experiences an immediate allergic reaction after exposure to pollen, resulting in systemic histamine release and hypotensive shock. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Type I (acute) hypersensitivity

The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses (Chapter 21 Study Notes)

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