Q: Which of the following equations best represents the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) induced by colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)?

$$N_{HSC}(t) = N_{HSC}(0) \times e$$^{r_{CSF}$$ t}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the immune system?

Accepted Answer

To defend the body from damage by scavenging dead cells, protecting from pathogens, and removing abnormal own cells

Question 2

According to Koch's germ theory of disease, which step is necessary to confirm that a microorganism causes a specific disease?

Accepted Answer

The microorganism must be cultured from the diseased individual and inoculation of a healthy individual with the cultured microorganism must recapitulate the disease

Question 3

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the difference between immunogen, antigen, and epitope?

Accepted Answer

An antigen is an immunogen that binds with the products of the immune response, while an epitope is the specific part of the antigen that binds to an antibody or receptor

Question 4

Which lymphoid tissue is responsible for the generation and maturation of immune cells?

Accepted Answer

Bone marrow and thymus

Question 5

A patient presents with a parasitic infection. Which white blood cell subtype is most likely to be elevated?

Accepted Answer

Eosinophil

Question 6

Which of the following statements about colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) is correct?

Accepted Answer

CSFs are secreted glycoproteins that induce proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into specific white blood cell subtypes

Question 7

Which cell type is considered a professional antigen presenting cell (APC) and links innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Dendritic cell

Question 8

During an allergic reaction, which immune cell is most likely to be activated and release granule content by degranulation?

Accepted Answer

Eosinophil

Question 9

Which immunoglobulin class is primarily found in external secretions such as saliva, breast milk, and mucus?

Accepted Answer

IgA

Question 10

A newborn receives passive immunity from maternal antibodies. Which immunoglobulin class is responsible for this protection?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 11

Which process ensures that B and T cells do not react with self-antigens, thus preventing autoimmunity?

Accepted Answer

Negative selection

Question 12

Which cell type is capable of killing virus-infected cells and cancer cells without pre-stimulation?

Accepted Answer

NK cell

Question 13

Which of the following is a characteristic of autoimmune diseases?

Accepted Answer

They involve antibody production against a specific epitope and may have a genetic component

Question 14

Which immune cell is most likely to be elevated in a patient with a bacterial infection and is known to kill bacteria through phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 15

Which of the following equations best represents the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) induced by colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)?

Accepted Answer

$$N_{HSC}(t) = N_{HSC}(0) 	imes e$$^{r_{CSF}$$ t}$$

Question 16

A patient with an allergic reaction is found to have elevated levels of IgE. What is the most likely function of IgE in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

IgE binds to allergens and triggers mast cell degranulation

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of leukopoiesis?

Accepted Answer

The production of white blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells, regulated by colony-stimulating factors

Question 18

Which immune cell is most likely to be found patrolling tissues for bacteria and other large particles, and can kill up to 100 bacteria during its lifetime?

Accepted Answer

Monocyte

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of plasma cells?

Accepted Answer

Plasma cells make specific antibodies after B cell activation

Question 20

Which equation best represents the probability $$P$$ that a T-cell clone survives the maturation phase, given that only 2% survive?

Accepted Answer

$$P = 0.02$$

The Immune System: Structure, Function, and Cellular Components

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