Q: Which equation best represents the action of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining resting membrane potential?

$$3\mathrm{Na}^+_{\text{out}} : 2\mathrm{K}^+_{\text{in}}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main function of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

It regulates involuntary functions such as heart rate and digestion.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing rapid heart rate and dilated pupils after a car accident. Which division of the nervous system is primarily responsible for these responses?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Question 3

Which of the following correctly matches the neuron type with its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Interneuron – integrates information within the CNS

Question 4

Which neuroglial cell is responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocyte

Question 5

A toxin blocks voltage-gated sodium channels in neurons. What effect would this have on the action potential?

Accepted Answer

It would prevent depolarization, stopping the action potential.

Question 6

Which equation best represents the action of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

$$3\mathrm{Na}^+_{	ext{out}} : 2\mathrm{K}^+_{	ext{in}}$$

Question 7

Which of the following is TRUE regarding saltatory conduction?

Accepted Answer

It allows action potentials to jump from node to node, increasing speed.

Question 8

A patient has a demyelinating disease affecting the CNS. Which cell type is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocytes

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why myelinated axons conduct impulses faster than unmyelinated axons?

Accepted Answer

Myelin prevents ion leakage and allows impulses to jump between nodes.

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of the blood-brain barrier and ion concentrations

Question 11

A graded potential is generated in a neuron’s dendrite. Which of the following is TRUE about graded potentials?

Accepted Answer

Their magnitude varies with stimulus strength and they decay with distance.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between chemical and electrical synapses?

Accepted Answer

Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters and are unidirectional; electrical synapses use gap junctions and are bidirectional.

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events at a chemical synapse?

Accepted Answer

Action potential arrives at axon terminal → Ca$$^{2+}$$ influx → Neurotransmitter release → Neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the axon hillock in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

It is the site where action potentials are initiated if threshold is reached.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a neurotransmitter and its classification?

Accepted Answer

Endorphin – peptide

Question 16

A patient has a loss of sensation in the skin but normal muscle movement. Which neuron type is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Sensory (afferent) neuron

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why the refractory period is important in action potential propagation?

Accepted Answer

It prevents the action potential from moving backward along the axon.

Question 18

Which of the following is TRUE about the distribution of gray and white matter in the brain and spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

Gray matter is mostly unmyelinated axons, and its location differs between brain and spinal cord.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of microglia in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They act as phagocytes, removing debris and pathogens.

The Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Cellular Organization

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