Question 1

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the lower respiratory tract?

Accepted Answer

Pharynx

Question 2

Which cell type in the alveoli is primarily responsible for the production of surfactant?

Accepted Answer

Type II alveolar cell

Question 3

According to Boyle’s Law, what happens to the pressure of a gas if the volume of its container increases, assuming temperature and number of gas molecules remain constant?

Accepted Answer

Pressure decreases

Question 4

A patient with a knife wound to the chest develops a pneumothorax. Which of the following best describes the physiological change that occurs?

Accepted Answer

Intrapleural pressure equalizes with or exceeds atmospheric pressure

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of surfactant in the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

Decreases surface tension to keep alveoli open

Question 6

Which of the following equations correctly represents the reversible reaction for carbon dioxide transport as bicarbonate in plasma?

Accepted Answer

$$CO_2 + H_2O$$ \leftrightarrow H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow $$HCO_3^- + H$$^+$$

Question 7

A patient with chronic bronchitis is likely to experience which of the following pathophysiological changes?

Accepted Answer

Destruction of cilia and increased mucus production

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of the pleural fluid?

Accepted Answer

Lubricates the lungs and reduces friction

Question 9

During forced expiration, which muscles are primarily involved?

Accepted Answer

Abdominal muscles and internal intercostals

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why gas exchange is more efficient in healthy lungs?

Accepted Answer

Large surface area and short diffusion distance

Question 11

A newborn is diagnosed with Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS). What is the most likely underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Premature birth before surfactant production

Question 12

Which of the following volumes represents the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation?

Accepted Answer

Vital Capacity (VC)

Question 13

Which of the following is a direct result of the destruction of alveolar walls in emphysema?

Accepted Answer

Decreased surface area for gas exchange

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the carina in the trachea?

Accepted Answer

Initiates the cough reflex when stimulated

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?

Accepted Answer

$$TLC = VC + RV$$

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of insulin

Question 17

A patient with asthma is experiencing bronchoconstriction and increased mucus production. Which of the following treatments is most appropriate for immediate relief?

Accepted Answer

Administration of a bronchodilator (β-2 agonist)

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the movement of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood?

Accepted Answer

Simple diffusion

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why cilia are important in the respiratory tract?

Accepted Answer

They sweep mucus and debris out of the airways

Question 20

Which of the following is the primary way oxygen is transported in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Bound to hemoglobin

The Respiratory System: Structure, Function, and Clinical Aspects

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