Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

They dissolve bone matrix, releasing minerals into the blood.

Question 2

A patient presents with soft, deformed bones due to a mineral deficiency. Which component of the bone matrix is most likely deficient, and what disease does this describe?

Accepted Answer

Deficiency in hydroxyapatite; rickets

Question 3

Which hormone is secreted in response to high blood calcium levels and what is its primary effect on bone?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin; stimulates osteoblasts to deposit calcium into bone

Question 4

During endochondral ossification, what is the role of the epiphyseal plate?

Accepted Answer

It is the area where cartilage transitions to bone, allowing for bone elongation.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why osteoporosis is more common in postmenopausal women?

Accepted Answer

Decreased estrogen levels reduce inhibition of osteoclast activity.

Question 6

A long bone is fractured and healing is delayed. Electrical stimulation is used to suppress the effects of which hormone?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly represents the chemical formula for hydroxyapatite, the main inorganic component of bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

$$Ca_{10}(PO_4$)_6(OH)_2$$

Question 8

A child with a failure of cartilage growth in the metaphysis, resulting in short limbs but a normal torso, is most likely suffering from which condition?

Accepted Answer

Achondroplastic dwarfism

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between compact and spongy bone?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone consists of osteons, while spongy bone consists of trabeculae.

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of osteocytes in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

They act as strain sensors and regulate bone remodeling.

Question 11

A patient with hypocalcemia is at risk for which of the following symptoms, and what is the physiological basis?

Accepted Answer

Tetany and muscle spasms due to increased nerve excitability

Question 12

Which of the following best describes Wolff’s law of bone?

Accepted Answer

Bone architecture is determined by mechanical stresses placed on it.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of blood glucose

Question 14

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity and promoting calcium reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 15

Which of the following best explains the process of appositional bone growth?

Accepted Answer

It occurs at the bone surface, increasing bone diameter and thickness.

Question 16

A 35-year-old woman is diagnosed with osteoporosis. Which of the following is the best preventive strategy to reduce her risk of further bone loss?

Accepted Answer

Engage in regular weight-bearing exercise and maintain a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of calcitriol in calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It raises blood calcium by increasing intestinal absorption and stimulating osteoclasts.

Question 18

Which of the following bones is classified as a flat bone?

Accepted Answer

Sternum

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between red and yellow bone marrow in adults?

Accepted Answer

Red marrow produces blood cells, while yellow marrow stores fat.

Question 20

A patient with a mutation affecting collagen synthesis is most likely to develop which bone disorder?

Accepted Answer

Osteogenesis imperfecta

The Skeletal System: Structure, Function, and Bone Physiology

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