Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the glomerulus in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Filtration of blood plasma to form filtrate

Question 2

A patient with severe dehydration experiences a drop in blood pressure. Which of the following best explains why glomerular filtration may stop in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

The hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries (HPgc) falls below the sum of the capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPcs) and the colloidal osmotic pressure (OPgc).

Question 3

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct by increasing their permeability to water?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 4

A patient presents with proteinuria and edema. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the presence of protein in the urine?

Accepted Answer

Increased permeability of the filtration membrane in the glomerulus

Question 5

Calculate the net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus if the following values are given: $$HP_{gc} = 60$$ mmHg, $$HP_{cs} = 18$$ mmHg, $$OP_{gc} = 32$$ mmHg.

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = HP_{gc} - (HP_{cs} + OP_{gc}) = 60 - (18 + 32) = 10$$ mmHg

Question 6

Which of the following substances is normally reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 7

A patient with hypertension is prescribed an ACE inhibitor. What is the primary effect of this medication on the urinary system?

Accepted Answer

It decreases the production of angiotensin II, leading to decreased aldosterone and ADH release, resulting in increased urine volume.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

It inhibits sodium reabsorption in the collecting duct, increasing urine volume.

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

Accepted Answer

Detects changes in blood pressure and osmolarity, releasing renin when blood pressure is low.

Question 10

A patient with diabetes mellitus is found to have glucose in their urine. Which process in the nephron is most likely overwhelmed in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why the efferent arteriole is smaller in diameter than the afferent arteriole in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

To increase hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus and promote filtration

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a normal function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Secretion of insulin

Question 13

A patient is given a diuretic drug. What is the expected effect on urine volume and blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Increased urine volume and decreased blood pressure

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the path of blood flow through the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery → segmental artery → interlobar artery → arcuate artery → cortical radiate artery → afferent arteriole → glomerulus → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries → cortical radiate vein → arcuate vein → interlobar vein → renal vein

Question 15

Which of the following would most likely result in an increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

Dilation of the afferent arteriole

Question 16

A patient with polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is at risk for which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Progressive loss of kidney function leading to kidney failure

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about the micturition reflex?

Accepted Answer

It is initiated when stretch receptors in the bladder detect distention, and it is controlled by both voluntary and involuntary sphincters.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why urinary tract infections (UTIs) are more common in females?

Accepted Answer

The female urethra is shorter and closer to the anus, facilitating bacterial entry.

Question 19

Which of the following is a likely finding in a patient with acute glomerulonephritis (AGN)?

Accepted Answer

Proteinuria and hematuria

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulation on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Constriction of the afferent arteriole, leading to decreased glomerular filtration rate and urine volume

The Urinary System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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