Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the normal pH range of arterial blood?

$$7.35 \leq \text{pH} \leq 7.45$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main function of the kidneys in the urinary system?

Accepted Answer

They filter blood to remove metabolic wastes and regulate blood composition.

Question 2

A patient presents with severe dehydration and a blood pH of 7.28. Which process in the nephron is most likely to be increased to help restore acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

Excretion of hydrogen ions (H+) in the distal convoluted tubule

Question 3

Which of the following correctly lists the flow of filtrate through the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular capsule → Proximal convoluted tubule → Loop of Henle → Distal convoluted tubule → Collecting duct

Question 4

A person with Addison’s disease is likely to experience which of the following symptoms due to decreased aldosterone production?

Accepted Answer

Loss of sodium and water in urine, leading to decreased blood volume and blood pressure

Question 5

Which hormone is released by the posterior pituitary gland and acts on the kidneys to decrease urine production?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 6

A patient is found to have glucose in their urine during a routine urinalysis. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

The patient’s blood glucose level exceeded the renal threshold for reabsorption.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why the right kidney is positioned slightly lower than the left kidney?

Accepted Answer

The liver occupies space above the right kidney.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a normal component of urine in a healthy individual?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 9

A patient with diabetes insipidus is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

High urine output and excessive thirst

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

They release renin in response to low blood pressure.

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly represents the normal pH range of arterial blood?

Accepted Answer

$$7.35 \leq 	ext{pH} \leq 7.45$$

Question 12

Which of the following best explains the effect of angiotensin II on the body?

Accepted Answer

It causes vasoconstriction and stimulates the release of aldosterone and ADH.

Question 13

A patient with a kidney stone lodged in the ureter is most likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Pain during urination and blood in the urine

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of the renal cortex?

Accepted Answer

It is the site where blood filtration begins.

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus → Efferent arteriole → Peritubular capillaries

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why infants are more prone to dehydration than adults?

Accepted Answer

Infants have immature kidneys that cannot concentrate urine effectively.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the hormone erythropoietin produced by the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates bone marrow to produce more red blood cells

Question 18

A patient with metabolic acidosis is likely to have which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Blood pH $$\u003c 7.35$$ and decreased bicarbonate ($$	ext{HCO}_3^-)$$

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of the trigone in the urinary bladder?

Accepted Answer

It is a smooth triangular area defined by the openings of the ureters and urethra.

Question 20

Which of the following is a likely consequence of a urinary tract infection (UTI) ascending from the urethra to the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Pyelonephritis

The Urinary System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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