Q: A patient has a glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) of 60 mmHg, an oncotic pressure (OPg) of 28 mmHg, and a capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) of 12 mmHg. What is their net filtration pressure (NFP)?

$$NFP = 60 - (28 + 12) = 20\ \text{mmHg}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the anatomical position of the kidneys in the human body?

Accepted Answer

They are retroperitoneal, in the superior lumbar region, extending from the twelfth thoracic to the third lumbar vertebrae.

Question 2

Which structure is responsible for draining urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

Accepted Answer

Ureter

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of insulin

Question 4

Which region of the kidney contains the renal pyramids?

Accepted Answer

Renal medulla

Question 5

What is the correct sequence of urine flow from the nephron to the outside of the body?

Accepted Answer

Renal corpuscle → collecting duct → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → bladder → urethra

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why the glomerulus is more efficient at filtration than other capillary beds?

Accepted Answer

It has a higher blood pressure and a more permeable filtration membrane.

Question 7

Which equation correctly represents the net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = HPg - (OPg + HPc)$$

Question 8

A patient has a glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) of 60 mmHg, an oncotic pressure (OPg) of 28 mmHg, and a capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) of 12 mmHg. What is their net filtration pressure (NFP)?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = 60 - (28 + 12) = 20\ 	ext{mmHg}$$

Question 9

Which hormone is released by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 10

Which of the following is a primary function of the juxtamedullary nephrons?

Accepted Answer

Production of concentrated urine

Question 11

Which cell type in the collecting duct is primarily responsible for maintaining acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

Intercalated cells

Question 12

Which of the following substances is NOT normally reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

Accepted Answer

Creatinine

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

It increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts, producing concentrated urine.

Question 14

A patient is given a drug that inhibits the Na+-K+-Cl− symporter in the ascending limb of the nephron loop. What is the expected effect?

Accepted Answer

Decreased sodium reabsorption and increased urine output

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct formula for renal clearance (RC)?

Accepted Answer

$$RC = \frac{UV}{P}$$

Question 16

If a substance has a renal clearance (RC) greater than the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), what does this indicate?

Accepted Answer

The substance is being secreted into the tubules.

Question 17

Which of the following would most likely cause an increase in renin release from the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells?

Accepted Answer

Decreased sodium chloride concentration in the distal tubule

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the countercurrent multiplier mechanism in the nephron loop?

Accepted Answer

It actively creates an osmotic gradient in the medulla by differential permeability and active transport of NaCl.

Question 19

Which of the following is a normal characteristic of urine?

Accepted Answer

Specific gravity of 1.020

Question 20

A patient presents with cloudy urine and a strong ammonia odor. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

The patient has a urinary tract infection.

The Urinary System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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