Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the renal corpuscle in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

It filters blood plasma, generating approximately 180 L/day of filtrate without plasma proteins.

Question 2

A patient with untreated diabetes mellitus is found to have glucose in their urine. Which of the following best explains this finding?

Accepted Answer

The amount of glucose in the filtrate exceeds the renal threshold for reabsorption.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = GBHP - (CHP + BCOP)$$

Question 4

Which of the following would most likely occur if the glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP) drops to 45 mm Hg?

Accepted Answer

Filtration would stop, and waste products would accumulate in the blood.

Question 5

Which structure is responsible for sensing NaCl concentration in the tubular fluid and regulating glomerular filtration rate via tubuloglomerular feedback?

Accepted Answer

Macula densa cells

Question 6

A patient is severely dehydrated. Which hormone will be released to increase water reabsorption in the collecting duct, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); increases aquaporin insertion and water reabsorption

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the effect of aldosterone on the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

It increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.

Question 8

Which of the following is a consequence of a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) that is too high?

Accepted Answer

Useful substances are lost due to the speed of fluid passage through the nephron.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why the kidneys are considered retroperitoneal organs?

Accepted Answer

They are located behind the parietal peritoneum.

Question 10

A patient with chronic hypertension is found to have constricted afferent arterioles. What is the most likely effect on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

GFR will decrease due to reduced blood flow into the glomerulus.

Question 11

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the countercurrent multiplication in the nephron loop (Loop of Henle)?

Accepted Answer

The ascending limb is impermeable to water and actively transports Na+ and Cl- out.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of the detrusor muscle during micturition?

Accepted Answer

It contracts under autonomic control to expel urine from the bladder.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of tubular secretion in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Addition of substances like H+, K+, and creatinine from blood into tubular fluid

Question 14

A patient is given a drug that blocks the action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). What is the expected effect on urine output?

Accepted Answer

Urine output will increase and become more dilute.

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct sequence of urine flow from the nephron to the external environment?

Accepted Answer

Renal pelvis → Ureter → Urinary bladder → Urethra

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why the distal ends of the ureters close as bladder pressure increases?

Accepted Answer

To prevent urine from flowing back into the kidneys

Question 17

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the internal and external urethral sphincters?

Accepted Answer

The internal sphincter is involuntary and the external sphincter is voluntary.

Question 18

Which of the following is a likely cause of renal calculi (kidney stones)?

Accepted Answer

Chronic bacterial infection and increased urine pH

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of sympathetic nervous system activation on the kidneys during extreme stress?

Accepted Answer

Constriction of afferent arterioles, decreased filtration, and release of renin

The Urinary System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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