Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

They filter nitrogenous wastes from the blood and regulate water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.

Question 2

A patient presents with a blood pH of 7.28. Which term best describes this condition, and what is a likely consequence if it becomes severe?

Accepted Answer

Acidosis; CNS and cardiac function deterioration

Question 3

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct, and what is the effect on urine osmotic concentration if its levels decrease?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); urine becomes more dilute

Question 4

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through the kidney, starting from the renal artery?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery → Segmental artery → Interlobar artery → Arcuate artery → Cortical radiate artery → Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus → Efferent arteriole → Peritubular capillaries → Cortical radiate vein → Arcuate vein → Interlobar vein → Renal vein

Question 5

A patient with chronic dehydration is likely to have urine with which of the following characteristics?

Accepted Answer

High specific gravity and dark color

Question 6

Which process in urine formation is described as the movement of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Tubular secretion; elimination of excess ions and drugs

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why proteins and blood cells are normally absent from the filtrate in the glomerular capsule?

Accepted Answer

They are too large to pass through the filtration membrane.

Question 8

If a patient has a kidney stone obstructing a ureter, which part of the urinary system is directly affected in terms of urine flow?

Accepted Answer

Between the renal pelvis and the urinary bladder

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the effect of aldosterone on electrolyte balance in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

It increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.

Question 10

Which buffer system is most important for regulating the pH of extracellular fluid (ECF), and what is the main equation describing this system?

Accepted Answer

Carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system; $$ \mathrm{CO_2$} + \mathrm{H_2O} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{H_2CO_3} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{H^+} + \mathrm{$$HCO_3$$^-} $$

Question 11

Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

Decreased systemic blood pressure

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct statement about obligatory and facultative water reabsorption in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Obligatory water reabsorption occurs in the PCT and nephron loop, while facultative water reabsorption occurs in the DCT and collecting duct under hormonal control.

Question 13

A patient with a diet extremely low in protein is likely to have which of the following findings in their urine?

Accepted Answer

Low urea levels

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the difference between filtrate in the glomerular capsule and blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

Filtrate contains everything plasma does except proteins.

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-life example of a fluid shift in the body?

Accepted Answer

Movement of water from the intracellular fluid (ICF) to the extracellular fluid (ECF) during dehydration

Question 16

Which of the following is a direct effect of the juxtaglomerular complex releasing renin?

Accepted Answer

Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), leading to increased blood pressure

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why the right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney in the human body?

Accepted Answer

The liver occupies space above the right kidney.

Question 18

Which of the following is a likely consequence of decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in elderly patients?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of drug toxicity due to reduced excretion

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of osmoreceptors in the regulation of water balance?

Accepted Answer

They detect changes in blood composition and trigger ADH release and thirst.

The Urinary System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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