Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of insulin

Question 2

A patient presents with blood in the urine (hematuria) after a car accident. Which anatomical feature makes the right kidney more susceptible to blunt trauma?

Accepted Answer

The right kidney is lower than the left due to the liver

Question 3

Which of the following correctly traces the path of urine flow from the renal pyramid to the ureter?

Accepted Answer

Renal pyramid → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter

Question 4

Which of the following statements about the nephron is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

The proximal convoluted tubule is the main site for reabsorption of nutrients

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

It is specialized for filtration of blood plasma

Question 6

A patient with diabetes mellitus has glucose in their urine. This is most likely due to:

Accepted Answer

Saturation of glucose transporters exceeding the transport maximum ($$T_m)$$

Question 7

Which hormone increases water reabsorption by causing aquaporin insertion in the collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 8

Which of the following pressures is primarily responsible for glomerular filtration?

Accepted Answer

Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries ($$HP_{gc})$$

Question 9

Calculate the net filtration pressure ($$NFP) in $$the glomerulus if $$HP_{gc} = 60$$ mmHg, $$OP_{gc} = 28$$ mmHg, and $$HP_{cs} = 15$$ mmHg.

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = 60 - (28 + 15) = 17$$ mmHg

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of tubular secretion?

Accepted Answer

Elimination of drugs and metabolites bound to plasma proteins

Question 11

A patient is severely dehydrated. Which of the following would you expect to be increased in their urine?

Accepted Answer

Urine osmolality (concentration)

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the countercurrent multiplier system?

Accepted Answer

It is the interaction of filtrate flow in the ascending and descending limbs of the nephron loop to create a medullary osmotic gradient

Question 13

Which of the following would most likely result in anuria (urine output \u003c 50 ml/day)?

Accepted Answer

Obstruction of the renal artery leading to decreased glomerular filtration

Question 14

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)?

Accepted Answer

It regulates the rate of filtrate formation and blood pressure

Question 15

A patient with chronic hypertension is at risk for which of the following kidney-related complications?

Accepted Answer

Chronic renal disease due to decreased GFR (\u003c 60 ml/min for three months)

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why the ascending limb of the nephron loop is impermeable to water?

Accepted Answer

It has tight junctions and lacks water channels

Question 17

Which of the following would be expected in a patient with a mutation causing nonfunctional ADH receptors in the collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

Production of large volumes of dilute urine

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct formula for renal clearance ($$C$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$C = \frac{U 	imes V}{P}$$

Question 19

Which of the following is a likely consequence of a diet high in protein and whole wheat on urine pH?

Accepted Answer

Urine pH will decrease (become more acidic)

Question 20

A patient with a kidney stone blocking the ureter is at risk for which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Obstruction of urine flow, leading to pain and possible hydronephrosis

The Urinary System: Structure, Function, and Physiology

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