Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of plasma ion concentrations

Question 2

A patient presents with dehydration. Which type of nephron is most critical for conserving water and producing concentrated urine?

Accepted Answer

Juxtamedullary nephron

Question 3

Which structure is responsible for the initial filtration of blood in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Glomerulus

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the effect of constriction of the efferent arteriole on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

Increases GFR by increasing glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Question 5

Calculate the net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus if the glomerular hydrostatic pressure is 50 mmHg, the capsular hydrostatic pressure is 15 mmHg, and the blood colloid osmotic pressure is 25 mmHg. Use the formula: $$NFP = (GHP - CHP) - BCOP$$

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = (50 - 15) - 25 = 10\ mmHg$$

Question 6

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct by inserting aquaporins?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 7

A patient with high blood pressure is given a drug that dilates the afferent arteriole of the nephron. What is the expected effect on GFR?

Accepted Answer

GFR will increase

Question 8

Which of the following substances is NOT normally found in the filtrate produced by the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

Plasma proteins

Question 9

Which segment of the nephron is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of 60-70% of filtrate volume, including nearly all glucose and amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 10

A patient has a mutation that prevents the synthesis of podocytes. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Filtration of blood in the glomerulus

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why juxtamedullary nephrons are essential for producing concentrated urine?

Accepted Answer

They have long loops of Henle that create a high osmolarity gradient in the medulla

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct sequence of urine flow from the nephron to the outside of the body?

Accepted Answer

Renal corpuscle → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra

Question 13

Which hormone is released by the juxtaglomerular apparatus in response to low blood pressure and initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

Accepted Answer

Renin

Question 14

A patient is found to have glucose in their urine (glycosuria). Which nephron segment is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

It decreases sodium reabsorption and increases GFR

Question 16

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the permeability of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)?

Accepted Answer

The descending limb is permeable to water, while the ascending limb is impermeable to water

Question 17

Which of the following would most likely result in a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood colloid osmotic pressure

Question 18

A patient is given a drug that blocks aldosterone receptors. What is the expected effect on sodium and potassium handling in the distal convoluted tubule?

Accepted Answer

Decreased sodium reabsorption and decreased potassium secretion

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the external urethral sphincter is under voluntary control?

Accepted Answer

It is composed of skeletal muscle

The Urinary System: Structure, Function, and Physiology

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